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GAS中文(简体)翻译:剑桥词典

GAS中文(简体)翻译:剑桥词典

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英语-中文(简体)

gas 在英语-中文(简体)词典中的翻译

gasnoun uk

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/ɡæs/ us

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/ɡæs/

gas noun

(AIR SUBSTANCE)

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B2 [ C or U ] a substance in a form like air that is neither solid nor liquid

气,气体

Oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen are all gases.

氧气、氢气和氮气都是气体。

poisonous/inflammable/toxic gas

有毒气体/可燃气体/毒气

A2 [ C or U ] a substance in a form like air that is used as a fuel for heating and cooking

气体燃料,煤气,天然气

Do you prefer cooking with electricity or gas?

你做饭喜欢用电还是用天然气?

UK A leak in the gas mains (= pipes) caused a major explosion.

煤气总管道发生泄漏,造成了一次大爆炸。

a gas-fired power station

燃气发电站

[ U ] informal a substance in a form like air used for medical purposes to prevent people feeling pain or being conscious during an operation

(外科手术用的)麻醉气

I had/was given gas when I had my wisdom teeth taken out.

牙医在拔我的智齿时给我使用了麻醉气。

[ U ] mainly US (UK wind) air in the bowels or in a baby's stomach, especially when this makes you feel uncomfortable or makes noises

肠气,胃气,肠胃气胀

Beer gives me gas.

我一喝啤酒肚子就会胀气。

更多范例减少例句The initial cloud of tear gas had hardly cleared before shots were fired.Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless, poisonous gas.Certain gases are highly explosive.These factories are releasing toxic gases into the atmosphere.The volcano spewed a giant cloud of ash, dust and gases into the air.

gas noun

(LIQUID FUEL)

A2 [ U ] US (also formal gasoline); (UK petrol) a liquid obtained from petroleum, used especially as a fuel for cars, aircraft, and other vehicles

汽油

I'll stop and get some gas - we're running low.

我要停车加点油——我们的车油不多了。

a gas tank/pump

油箱/加油泵

 the gas [ S ] mainly US

the part of a car that you push with your foot to make it go faster

油门,加速器

Step on the gas (= drive faster)!

踩油门加速!

更多范例减少例句He stopped the car next to the gas pump.It's 50 miles to the next gas station.I rent a subcompact when I'm travelling alone because it saves on gas.We ought to fill up with gas before we set off.My foot slipped off the gas pedal as I was trying to overtake the lorry.

gas noun

(ENJOYABLE SITUATION)

[ S ] mainly US informal old-fashioned a funny or enjoyable situation

有趣的情形,令人愉快的场面;有趣的事

Some kids put on a show for the moms and dads, - it was a gas.

一些孩子为爸爸妈妈们表演了一个节目——那情景真是有趣。

gasverb uk

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/ɡæs/ us

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/ɡæs/ -ss-

gas verb

(POISON)

[ T ] to kill or injure a person by making them breathe poisonous gas

用毒气杀死,用毒气杀伤

Hundreds of thousands of soldiers were gassed in the First World War.

在第一次世界大战中,数以十万计的士兵死于毒气。

gas verb

(TALK)

[ I ] old-fashioned informal to talk for a long time about things that are not important

闲聊

Susan came round and we sat gassing for hours.

苏珊过来串门,我们坐着闲聊了好几个小时。

短语动词

gas (something) up

(gas在剑桥英语-中文(简体)词典的翻译 © Cambridge University Press)

gas的例句

gas

We show that the three-dimensional electron gas always reaches a stationary equilibrium state.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

As the transmission operator, this company can operate only in the areas of transportation, re-gasification and storage of gas.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

The positive pressure with continuous flow of protected gas inside the body endows the robot with explosion protection capability.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

This is no doubt related to the increased interest in gas centrifuges as a means of separating uranium isotopes.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Coal and natural gas prices are determined by the supply elasticities of their respective resource bases.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Thus, as the temperature increases or decreases in soil, a corresponding change in the mass attributed to each phase (aqueous and gas) will result.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

The source is equipped with is a system for dosed gas supply.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Second, the non-uniformity is strongly decreased in the presence of the gas jet.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

示例中的观点不代表剑桥词典编辑、剑桥大学出版社和其许可证颁发者的观点。

B2,A2,A2

gas的翻译

中文(繁体)

氣體, 氣,氣體, 氣體燃料,煤氣,天然氣…

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西班牙语

gas, gases, gasolina…

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葡萄牙语

gás, gasolina, gasolina [feminine]…

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阿拉伯语

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韩语

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वायु, गॅस, स्वयंपाक करायला आणि खोली किंवा घर गरम करायला लागणारे इंधन…

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(調理用・燃料用の)ガス, (固体・液体に対する)気体, ガス…

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gaz, hava gazı, doğal gaz…

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essence [feminine], gaz [masculine], gaz…

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gas, gasolina…

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gas, vergassen…

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திடமான அல்லது திரவமாக இல்லாத காற்று போன்ற வடிவத்தில் உள்ள ஒரு பொருள், வெப்பம் மற்றும் சமையலுக்கு எரிபொருளாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படும் காற்று போன்ற வடிவத்தில் உள்ள ஒரு பொருள், குறிப்பாக கார்கள்…

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गैस, (तापन और खाना बनाने हेतु ईंधन) गैस, (पेट्रोलियम से मिलने वाला गाड़ी…

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ગેસ, ગેસ (ગરમી અને રસોઈ માટે બળતણ), તેલ…

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gas, lattergas, giftgas…

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gas, bedövning, gasa [ihjäl]…

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gas, disembur gas…

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das Gas, das Betäubungsgas, vergasen…

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bensin [masculine], gass [masculine], tarmgass [masculine]…

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گیس, ایندھن کی گیس…

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газ, газ для наркозу, отруйна речовина…

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газ, бензин, газы…

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వాయువు / ఘనమూ ద్రవమూ కాని గాలి వంటి రూపంలో ఉన్న పదార్ధం, గ్యాస్ / వేడి చేయడానికి వంట చేయడానికి ఇంధనంగా ఉపయోగించే గాలి వంటి రూపంలో ఉన్న పదార్థం, పెట్రోలు/ఇంధనం…

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غاز, وَقود…

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গ্যাস, বায়ু, রান্নার গ্যাস…

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plyn, slzný plyn, otrávit plynem…

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gas, gas air mata, membunuh dengan gas…

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ก๊าซ, ก๊าซหุงต้ม, ยาสลบ…

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ga, hơi đốt, khí gây tê…

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gaz, benzyna, gazy…

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가스, 기체, 가솔린…

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gas, benzina, avvelenare col gas…

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在英语词典中查看 gas 的释义

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garrulousness

garter

garter belt

garter snake

gas

gas (something) up

gas and air

gas cap

gas chamber

gas更多的中文(简体)翻译

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gas cap

CS gas

gas tax

gas fire

gas mark

gas mask

tear gas

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词组动词

gas (something) up

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“每日一词”

veggie burger

UK

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/ˈvedʒ.i ˌbɜː.ɡər/

US

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/ˈvedʒ.i ˌbɝː.ɡɚ/

a type of food similar to a hamburger but made without meat, by pressing together small pieces of vegetables, seeds, etc. into a flat, round shape

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英语-中文(简体) 

 

Noun 

gas (AIR SUBSTANCE)

gas (LIQUID FUEL)

the gas

gas (ENJOYABLE SITUATION)

Verb 

gas (POISON)

gas (TALK)

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什么是gas?为什么现在以太坊手续费那么高? - 知乎

什么是gas?为什么现在以太坊手续费那么高? - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册什么是gas?为什么现在以太坊手续费那么高?巴比特​已认证账号gas到底是什么?为什么现在以太坊网络上的交易费用这么高?有哪些方法可以降低交易费用?您将在本文中找到这些问题的答案。让我们先从gas到底是什么开始讲起吧。什么是gas?gas是用于测量在以太坊区块链上执行特定操作所需的计算工作量的单位。这个名字本身并不是偶然选定的。gas其实类似于汽油,后者作为汽车的能量保证汽车可以正常行驶,以太坊网络上的gas为交易行为进行“加油”,并允许用户执行不同的操作。在以太坊区块链上的每一个操作,或者准确地说在以太坊虚拟机(EVM)上的每一个操作都有一个相对应的gas成本。例如:将两个数字相加要花费3个gas;获取账户余额会花费400个gas;发送一笔交易花费21000个gas。智能合约通常包括多个操作,这些操作加起来甚至可以花费数十万gas。有趣的是,gas价格本身并不能告诉我们在某笔交易中需要支付多少钱。要计算交易费用,我们必须将gas的乘以gas价格。gas的价格单位为gwei,,gwei的单位比ether要小,1 gwei等于0.000000001 ETH。我们可以把它们之间的关系看成是美分和美元。例如,假设我们想发送一笔简单的以太坊交易,如果ETH的价格为1800美元。大多数流行的以太坊钱包(如Metamask)会估算必要的gas价格,并允许我们在快速、中等和慢速交易确认速度之间进行选择。让我们假设如果我们想在一分钟内确认我们的交易,钱包估计gas价格将设置为100gwei。我们现在可以快速计算出,这样一笔交易我们需要支付3.78美元。我们将发送一笔交易的gas成本(2.1万gas)和gas价格(100gwei)相乘,就等于2100000 gwei,也就是0.0021 ETH。在ETH价格为1800美元时,这笔交易的手续费是3.78美元。ETH的价格和gas之间有什么联系值得一提的是,gas只是一个抽象单位,它仅存在于以太坊虚拟机中,用户实际上总是在以太坊网络中支付交易。使用单独的单位来度量计算工作的主要原因是这样可以将其与ETH的价格进行分离。这意味着ETH价格的增加不会改变交易成本。如果网络活动保持不变,而随着ETH的价格上升,我们应该会看到gas价格的下降,因此以ETH衡量的最终交易成本应该保持不变(美元价值)。但是ETH的价格上涨通常与以太坊网络上活动的增加相关,这杨就会增加交易成本。现在,让我们看看网络活动的增加究竟是如何导致交易成本上升的。首先,所有的交易都被发送到以太坊的内存池(mempool)中。所有没有处理的交易都在等待矿工们将它们取走,并将它们打包到下一个以太坊网络的区块中。矿工由于受到激励,会首先选择gas价格最高的交易,因为他们通常会在固定的工作时间中选择价格更高的交易。以太坊的协议也限制了矿工们挖出一个区块中可以包含多少笔交易。这是由每个区块的最大gas限制决定的。在撰写本文时,这个限制被设置为12.5M gas。举个简单的例子,我们假设内存池中只有简单的ETH交易,每个交易花费21000 gas。一个矿工可以打包595个这样的交易。假设内存池中有1000个待处理的交易,矿工将通过按gas价格对所有待处理的交易进行排序并选择595个付费更高的交易进行打包。目前的收费模式基于的是一种简单的拍卖机制,希望自己的交易被矿工处理的用户首先必须以高于其他人的加以费用获得区块中的位置。这样反过来又推高了gas的费用,尤其是当很多用户有紧急交易需要确认的时候。我们为什么需要gas为了更好的解释gas,我们需要首先理解为什么gas会存在。以太坊虚拟机作为一个图灵完备的机器,它允许执行任意代码。虽然这是使以太坊如此强大的主要原因之一,但它也更容易受到halting problem的影响。halting problem是指从一个任意计算机程序的代码和输入来确定该程序是会结束运行,还是会永远继续运行。如果没有gas,用户就可以执行一个永远不会停止的程序,其中的原因可能是代码有问题,也可能是有人作恶。为了防止这种情况发生,以太坊引入了与每个操作相关的gas成本,这将防止程序处于永远运行的状态,最终使整个网络陷入停滞状态。除了gas价格,每笔交易也有一个gas限制,它必须等于或高于成功执行特定交易所需的预期gas数量。以太坊虚拟机在执行事务中的每个操作之前,会检查是否有足够的剩余空间用于该操作。如果剩余的gas不够,则使用“out of gas”来还原整个交易,并回滚所有状态。即使交易失败,用户仍将为矿工已完成的工作量支付交易费用。这也是为了避免人们发起对网络的恶意攻击。如果交易消耗的gas比最初预期的少,那么剩余的gas被转换为ETH并退还给发送者。同样重要的是,以太坊上的所有操作都要有正确的gas成本;否则,它可能成为另一个攻击目标。其中一起攻击发生在2016年,这导致以太坊网络的硬分叉,最终系统重新对某些简单的操作进行了定价。现在,由于我们对gas有了更多的了解,让我们来看看最近一段时间交易费用上涨的情况,以及一些可以降低现在和未来交易成本的解决方案。以太坊的高额费用随着去中心化交易所(DEX)创纪录的交易量,DeFi借贷平台锁定总价值越走越高,很多Yield Farming的项目创造出了很多机会,并且网络上制造出来的NFT(非同质化代币)越来越多,以太坊网络异常繁忙。这导致了人们对区块空间的极高需求,也反过来推高了交易成本。支付超过10美元的ERC20转账或支付50-100美元的Uniswap交易已经司同见惯了。当然,收费过高并不是好事儿,因为它让小玩家很难参与以太坊的生态系统。幸运的是,已经有多种解决方案可用,或者正在积极地研究。让我们来看看其中一些最重要的解决方案吧。第2层扩展方案和Eth2第2层扩展方案是一种解决方案的术语,它通过处理链下交易来帮助提高主要以太坊链(第1层)的能力。除了提高交易速度和交易吞吐量外,第二层解决方案还可以大大降低交易费用。Loopring就是一个很好的例子,它是建立在第二层网络上的去中心化交易所。该平台最近锁定的总价值达到了2亿美元,日交易量超过1000了万美元。另一个项目Matic近期刚改名为Polygon,它在Plasma+PoS链上的锁仓量也超过了2000万美元。一种更通用的解决方案——基于optimistic rollups的Optimism也正在推出当中。它的推出非常重要,因为它将允许DeFi智能合约以类似于它们在主网上的交互方式在第二层网络上进行交互。可以进一步增加第2层解决方案采用的方式是直接参与现有的第2层网络项目。这可以进一步降低交易成本,因为用户可以直接将他们的ETH从交易所转移到第二层解决方案,如Loopring。如果您想了解更多关于第2层扩展的信息,请查看这篇文章。除了第二层扩展方案,从长远来看,另一个可以降低交易成本的解决方案是Eth2,它引入了分片(sharding)技术和权益证明(PoS)机制。您可以在这里了解更多有关这些概念‌的信息。EIP– 1559EIP-1559是优化交易成本的另一个解决方案。尽管该提议不会对降低交易成本产生直接影响,但它将通过调整费用峰值和限制超额支付交易的数量来优化收费模式。这将使交易费用更容易预测。EIP-1559有望在2021年初实现。优化gas的使用除了使用第2层的扩展解决方案和等待其他改进之外,还有一些其他的技巧可以帮助我们降低主网的交易成本。首先,如果我们没有任何紧急交易,我们可以尝试找到一天中gas价格最低的时间。除此之外,我们应该经常通过另一个可靠的来源(如https://ethgasstation.info/)来检查我们钱包里预估的gas费用。交易所1Inch使用的另一个技巧是降低CHI代币的交易费用。这些代币必须在主要操作的同时燃烧,这允许减少交易中花费的gas总量。这可以通过利用以太坊虚拟机的机制实现,该机制在释放存储空间时退还gas。当CHI代币生成时,以太坊网络上的虚拟智能合约就会被创建。燃烧gas会破坏这些合约,并产生gas的退款。其他链的情况怎么样?那么以太坊之外的其他区块链链的情况怎么样呢?毫无疑问,最近一段时间以太坊的高交易费用导致其他一些区块链捕获了大量的用户和交易量。当然,很难说有多少是昙花一现,多少可以捕获长期用户。说到这里,我们必须要记住,有些链并不是完全去中心化和无许可的。它们实际上是创建了一个假的DeFi生态系统,可能玩起来很有趣,但实际上与使用中心化交易所没有太大不同。那么你怎么看待以太坊的gas和高额的交易费用呢?你最喜欢用什么方法降低手续费?发布于 2021-03-26 16:18区块链(Blockchain)​赞同 50​​3 条评论​分享​喜欢​收藏​申请

【Unreal】虚幻GAS系统快速入门 - 知乎

【Unreal】虚幻GAS系统快速入门 - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册【Unreal】虚幻GAS系统快速入门LunarMaxim战斗策划 喜好UE0 前言最近在用UE做单机ARPG的战斗系统,研究了一下GAS做了个笔记。主要介绍GAS各个模块的用途,以及特定功能的多种实现方法。为了让大部分人能快速上手,不会涉及太多C++和网络同步的内容。推荐快速过一遍Unreal官方的GAS插件介绍再来食用本文。参考文献见结尾。1 Gameplay Tags与GAS1.1 Gameplay TagsFGameplayTags是一种层级标签,如Parent.Child.GrandChild。通过GameplayTagManager进行注册。替代了原来的Bool,或Enum的结构,可以在玩法设计中更高效 的标记对象的行为或状态。GameplayTags是一个内置的插件,不属于GAS。但是GAS会大量使用Tag,在编辑-项目设置里可以找到。GA、GE、GameplayEvent、GameplayCue都会大量使用Tag。如果你还不懂这些名词的含义,可以先往后看。同时角色本身的枚举、布尔等状态(非属性)变量也可以用Tag储存,非常好用,我自己的用法是在让AI在行为树的Decorator节点中,通过玩家拥有的Gameplay Tag来判断玩家是否处于无敌帧、喝药。但因此Tag的层级关系也需要合理设计,到了后期修改成本比较大。个人的建议是设计Ability、Effect、GameplayCue、Event、Character、Cooldown等基础标签,在对应的模块只检测对应的Tag(比如监听动画通知发送的Event,就可以是Event.AnimNotify.Fire),避免重复or模糊定义。举一个反面例子,比如将Attack的GA标签和GE标签、角色处于攻击状态的标签都设置为Character.Attack,不利于追述Tag的来源。其他的Tag可以根据需求添加,如Item等。同时要注意,Tag的父子关系也要考虑的,合理设计的话可以用于批量筛选同一类Tag。在Editor内批量修改Tag可能不是那么方便,这里有一个比较好的管理方法1.2 Gameplay Ability SystemGAS主要包含以下内容:ASC(Ability System Component) 主要组件,由C++编写,代码里有很多方法是蓝图未实现的。GA(Gameplay Abilities) 角色的技能,包括攻击、疾跑、施法、翻滚、使用道具等,但不包括基础移动和UIAS(Attribute Set) 角色身上可以用float表示的属性,如生命值、体力值、魔力值等GE(Gameplay Effects) 用于修改属性,如增加50移动速度10s;还能配合GA实现更多玩法GC(Gameplay Cues) 播放特效、音效等如果看过深入GAS架构设计,可以发现应该还有Task和Event两个额外功能。严格意义上这两个功能和Tag一样是UE原生内容,在GA部分比较常用,因此本文选择将其放在GA部分讲解。2 Ability System Component2.1 ASC组件介绍Ability System Component(ASC)是整个GAS的基础组件。ASC本质上是一个UActorComponent,用于处理整个框架下的交互逻辑,包括使用技能 (GameplayAbility)、包含属性(AttributeSet)、处理各种效果(GameplayEffect)。所有需要应用GAS的对象(Actor),都必须拥有GAS组件。拥有ASC的Actor被称为ASC的OwnerActor,ASC实际作用的Actor叫做AvatarActor。ASC可以被赋予某个角色ASC,也可以被赋予PlayerState(可以保存死亡角色的一些数据 简单来说,ASC是一种角色组件,负责和GA、GE、AS打交道。一般只放在Character or PlayerState上,在武器上加ASC组件也不是不行,但是并没有很好的实践供参考,官方文档提到过这一点。OwnerActor和AvartarActor是比较常见的概念,如果ASC在Character类身上,那么二者是相同的。如果Character需要销毁再重新生成,如MOBA游戏角色死亡后泉水复活,那么ASC可以放在PlayerState上避免随着角色一同销毁。此时的OwnerActor是PlayerState,AvatarActor则是Character。学习动画系统后的一些补充想法:如果希望角色部分为纯蓝图实现,以便直接指定父类为一些模板角色蓝图,如ALSv4,这种情况下也许放在PlayerState里会更好? 2.2 添加ASC组件一开始的设置需要一些C++,这里IDE建议使用Rider for Unreal,会自动补全一些头文件声明,防止遗漏。C++基础知识补充:UE的C++类分为两部分,一个是.h头文件,一个是.cpp文件。属性和方法的声明写在.h文件里,方法的实现写在.cpp里,包括构造函数。在进行接下来的操作之前,你需要自己创建一个继承自ACharacter的C++类,如下图的ARPGCharacterBase。(图源右下角)之后想用蓝图,就从这个自定义的C++Character类派生就可以了。图源@ 开发游戏的老王1、角色.h中声明ASC#include "AbilitySystemComponent.h"

public:

UPROPERTY(VisibleAnywhere, BlueprintReadOnly, Category = "Abilities")

class UAbilitySystemComponent* AbilitySystemComponent;

不要忘了在项目Build.cs文件的PrivateDependencyModuleNames里加上"GameplayAbilities", "GameplayTags", "GameplayTasks"三个模块。2、在.cpp中构造函数部分实例化ASC//实例化ASC

AbilitySystemComponent = CreateDefaultSubobject(TEXT("AbilitySystem"));

3、角色类继承IAbilitySystemInterface接口,并实现GetASC函数#include "AbilitySystemInterface.h"

class ARPG_UNREAL_API ACharacterBase : public ACharacter, public IAbilitySystemInterface

public:

UAbilitySystemComponent* GetAbilitySystemComponent()const override;

.cppUAbilitySystemComponent* ACharacterBase::GetAbilitySystemComponent()const{return AbilitySystemComponent;}上面的示例代码使用的是原生的ASC组件。如果想自己继承一个ASC子组件,封装一些功能的话,可以参考官方的Action RPG实例项目里的写法。2.3 ASC组件的功能GAS的大部分功能都在ASC组件的源码中,并且只有一部分暴露给了蓝图,有些功能如添加GA(见3.2)还需要通过代码实现。由于本文只是一篇快速入门手册,不再过多赘述。想要详细了解GAS系统的话,可以先从ASC组件的源码入手,有时可以避免重复造轮子。具体的功能会在下文使用到。3 Gameplay Ability3.1 GA介绍 Gameplay Ability(GA)标识了游戏中一个对象(Actor)可以做的行为或技能。 能力(Ability)可以是普通攻击或者吟唱技能,可以是角色被击飞倒地,还可以是使用 某种道具,交互某个物件,甚至跳跃、飞行等角色行为也可以是Ability。 Ability可以被赋予对象或从对象的ASC中移除,对象同时可以激活多个GameplayAbility。 *基本的移动输入、UI交互行为则不能或不建议通过GA来实现 一个GA蓝图大概就长这样角色需要拥有GA后,才能使用GA。GA的使用分为实例化和释放两个过程,前者主要是生成一个FGameplayAbilitySpec对象,并为一部分非公有(非静态)属性赋值,如当前GA的等级。后者操作的实际对象则为Spec。可以把Spec理解为GA的实例,GE等其他类也有相似的概念。通常来说,使用GA时不用去考虑两个过程的区别,除非你需要在实例化Spec后,手动修改一些在GA类上定义好的属性再去手动释放。在GE篇会详细介绍,用于实现技能的冷却、消耗。3.2介绍GA的不同获得方式,3.3介绍GA蓝图的制作,3.4介绍GA的使用。3.2 添加GA如果不使用C++修改,只能通过GE去添加GA,非常不方便。这里介绍两种修改方法。3.2.1 在角色类中创建一个数组,游戏启动时自动添加数组里的GA注意:使用这一种方法不易控制每个GA的初始等级。1、在角色头文件声明数组public:

// 将在游戏启动时被赋予角色的Abilities数组

UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Category = "Abilities")

TArray> PreloadedAbilities;

2、在角色的BeginPlay()里遍历数组,使用AbilitySystemComponent->GiveAbility()添加AbilitySuper::BeginPlay();

if (AbilitySystemComponent != nullptr)

{

//初始化技能

if (PreloadedAbilities.Num() > 0)

{

for (auto i = 0; i < PreloadedAbilities.Num(); i++)

{

if (PreloadedAbilities[i] != nullptr)

{

// FGameplayAbilitySpec是GA的实例,其构造函数的第二个参数代表GA的等级,这里暂令其全部为1

AbilitySystemComponent->GiveAbility(

FGameplayAbilitySpec(PreloadedAbilities[i].GetDefaultObject(), 1));

}

}

}

//初始化ASC

AbilitySystemComponent->InitAbilityActorInfo(this, this);

}

4、在角色蓝图的details面板找到数组,填好GA。如果后面做完一个GA发现没反应,可能就是忘记give刚做好的GA给角色了,或者场景中的角色对象拥有的技能没有和类默认值同步。3.2.2 在角色蓝图中使用Give Ability函数手动添加Ability上面提到的AbilitySystemComponent->GiveAbility()方法在蓝图中无法使用。为了在蓝图中动态添加Ability,我们需要在蓝图中实现自己的GiveAbility()。按理说在自己的ASC子类中实现最好,这里在角色蓝图中实现。1、CharacterBase.hpublic:

//添加Ability

UFUNCTION(BlueprintCallable, Category = "Ability System")

void GiveAbility(TSubclassOf Ability, int32 Level = 1);

2、CharacterBase.cppvoid ACharacterBase::GiveAbility(TSubclassOf Ability, int32 Level)

{

if (AbilitySystemComponent)

{

if (HasAuthority() && Ability)

{

AbilitySystemComponent->GiveAbility(FGameplayAbilitySpec(Ability, Level));

}

AbilitySystemComponent->InitAbilityActorInfo(this, this);

}

}

使用例这也是一个将ASC中未暴露给蓝图的函数进行封装的例子,如果想在蓝图中使用其他的ASC函数可以进行参考。3.2.3 使用GE添加GA新建一个GE,在Granted Abilities条目里添加的GA都会在GE被Apply到角色身上时赋予(Grant)。参数的具体含义详见5.2.10然后在蓝图里调用Apply GameplayEffect to Self 节点即可(这里的Level是GE的等级,不是GA)。3.3 制作GA在内容浏览器右键,创建Gameplay→Gameplay技能蓝图继承自GameplayAbility最下面两个是内置的GA,上面的是自制的GAGA蓝图的结构一般GA要做的事有:设置GA的Tag、CD、Cost等属性。获取必要信息,主要通过Get Actor Info。如果是通过Event调用的GA(使用Activate Ability From Event节点作为输入),还可以通过Gameplay Event Data获取。编写逻辑,如播放动画、应用GE、应用冲量等。一定不要忘了EndAbility。3.4 调用GA我把GA的调用分成了主动调用(释放技能)和被动调用(挨打)两类,下面依次介绍不同的调用方法。3.4.1 主动调用在蓝图中主要有by Class和by Tag 两种调用方法。byClass一次只能Activate一个GA,byTag可以Activate任意多个GA,配合Tag容器使用。如果使用EnhancedInputAction插件来管理输入,要注意在某些设置下trigger会每帧都进行输出(本人测试环境为4.27,UE5似乎有一些改动。古代山谷项目就使用了新版输入插件和GAS系统,可以看一看实现方法)。只要能获取ASC,就可以在任何地方调用GA,比如行为树Task蓝图,甚至在GA蓝图中调用其他GA。3.4.2 被动调用Trigger可以理解为一个Tag,当ASC组件收到一个Trigger时,就会自动调用所有拥有该Trigger的GA。Trigger的Tag在GA的details面板中设置。Trigger的触发方式有三种,分别是:Gameplay Event: 当Owner收到一个带有Tag的Gameplay Event(不是Gameplay Effect的GE!)时调用一次GA,此时Owner不会拥有对应的Tag。Owner Tag Added: 当Owner获取对应Tag的时候调用一次GA。Owner Tag Present: 当Owner拥有Tag时调用GA,失去Tag时移除。一般使用第一种方法,并配合SendGameplayEventToActor节点使用,如下图所示。(这张图是很久以前截的,Tag建议以Event开头)受击效果的例子,发送一个Tag为Hit的Event给碰撞检测到的Actor使用Gameplay Event调用的好处是,可以传入数据(Payload),是除了Get Actor Info外的另一种信息传递方法。此时应该删除ActiveAbility节点,转而使用ActivateAbilityFromEvent事件。(不要通过在左上角重载函数的方式,右键空白处搜索才是对的)3.5 设置GA触发条件3.5.1 GA的标签可以限制各种技能的相互关系,比如受击时候不能翻滚。这时候Tag的父子层级关系设计就尤为重要,可以把受击时不能释放的技能都放在同一个父层级下。Tag建议以Ability开头Ability Tags:该GA的标签。Cancel Abilities with Tag:激活该GA时,打断其他拥有所选标签的GA。Block Abilities with Tag:激活该GA时,阻止激活拥有所选标签的GA(已经激活的不会被中断)。Activation Owned Tags:激活该GA时,赋予ASC所选GA。Activation Required Tags:激活GA时,ASC需要的标签。Activation Blocked Tags:激活GA时,ASC不能有的标签。Source Required Tags:激活GA时,Source需要的标签。Source Blocked Tags:激活GA时,Source不能有的标签。Target Required Tags:激活GA时,Target 需要的标签。Target Blocked Tags:激活GA时,Target 不能有的标签。上图就是一个防止重复触发GA的简单设置。3.5.2 冷却与消耗想要添加冷却与消耗,就需要写好对应的GE,建议先看完GE篇。在GA的Details面板的Cost和Cooldown条目中选择对应的GE即可。一个Cooldown GE仅需满足以下要求:为Has Duration类型,Duration Magnitude计算方式为Set By Caller 或 Custom Calculation Class。Granted Tags为技能的冷却Tag,如Cooldown.skill1。在Cooldown GE持续期间,玩家的ASC组件就会携带对应技能的Cooldown Tag,本质是通过Tag来限制的。*冷却Tag建议以Cooldown开头统一管理。一个Cost GE仅需满足一下要求:为Instant类型。有一个或多个Modifier去修改对应的属性,计算方式为Custom Calculation Class。但这样一来每个GA都要写一遍cost和cd的GE,非常麻烦。官方文档4.5.14和4.5.15小节有介绍优化方法。这里参考官方文档简单地实现一下,原理为在实例化生成GE Spec时,修改其Cost和Cooldown属性后再将其应用。首先创建一个GA基类,添加CD时长、Cost数值(包括生命值和法力值两种类型的Cost)、以及Cooldown Tag等属性,并重载GetCooldownTags、ApplyCooldown、GetCostGameplayEffect三个方法。GameplayAbilityBase.h#pragma once

#include "CoreMinimal.h"

#include "Abilities/GameplayAbility.h"

#include "GameplayAbilityBase.generated.h"

/**

*

*/

UCLASS()

class ARPG_UNREAL_API UGameplayAbilityBase : public UGameplayAbility

{

GENERATED_BODY()

public:

UPROPERTY(BlueprintReadOnly, EditAnywhere, Category = "Cooldowns")

FScalableFloat CooldownDuration;

UPROPERTY(BlueprintReadOnly, EditAnywhere, Category = "Cooldowns")

FGameplayTagContainer CooldownTags;

UPROPERTY(BlueprintReadOnly, EditAnywhere, Category = "Costs")

FScalableFloat HealthCost;

// 根据需要可以设置多种类型Cost

UPROPERTY(BlueprintReadOnly, EditAnywhere, Category = "Costs")

FScalableFloat ManaCost;

UPROPERTY(BlueprintReadOnly, EditAnywhere, Category = "Costs")

FScalableFloat StaminaCost;

// Temp container that we will return the pointer to in GetCooldownTags().

// This will be a union of our CooldownTags and the Cooldown GE's cooldown tags.

UPROPERTY(Transient)

FGameplayTagContainer TempCooldownTags;

// Return the union of our Cooldown Tags and any existing Cooldown GE's tags.

virtual const FGameplayTagContainer* GetCooldownTags() const override;

// Inject our Cooldown Tags and to add the SetByCaller to the cooldown GameplayEffectSpec.

virtual void ApplyCooldown(const FGameplayAbilitySpecHandle Handle, const FGameplayAbilityActorInfo* ActorInfo, const FGameplayAbilityActivationInfo ActivationInfo) const override;

virtual UGameplayEffect* GetCostGameplayEffect() const override;

};

GameplayAbilityBase.cpp#include "ARPG_Unreal/Public/GameplayAbilitySystem/GameplayAbilityBase.h"

const FGameplayTagContainer* UGameplayAbilityBase::GetCooldownTags() const

{

FGameplayTagContainer* MutableTags = const_cast(&TempCooldownTags);

MutableTags->Reset();

// MutableTags writes to the TempCooldownTags on the CDO so clear it in case the ability cooldown tags change (moved to a different slot)

const FGameplayTagContainer* ParentTags = Super::GetCooldownTags();

if (ParentTags)

{

MutableTags->AppendTags(*ParentTags);

}

MutableTags->AppendTags(CooldownTags);

return MutableTags;

}

void UGameplayAbilityBase::ApplyCooldown(const FGameplayAbilitySpecHandle Handle,

const FGameplayAbilityActorInfo* ActorInfo,

const FGameplayAbilityActivationInfo ActivationInfo) const

{

UGameplayEffect* CooldownGE = GetCooldownGameplayEffect();

if (CooldownGE)

{

FGameplayEffectSpecHandle SpecHandle =

MakeOutgoingGameplayEffectSpec(CooldownGE->GetClass(), GetAbilityLevel());

SpecHandle.Data.Get()->DynamicGrantedTags.AppendTags(CooldownTags);

SpecHandle.Data.Get()->SetSetByCallerMagnitude(FGameplayTag::RequestGameplayTag(FName("Data.Cooldown")),

CooldownDuration.GetValueAtLevel(GetAbilityLevel()));

ApplyGameplayEffectSpecToOwner(Handle, ActorInfo, ActivationInfo, SpecHandle);

}

}

UGameplayEffect* UGameplayAbilityBase::GetCostGameplayEffect() const

{

return Super::GetCostGameplayEffect();

}

然后创建继承UGameplayModMagnitudeCalculation 创建对应属性的Cost MMC,这里仅展示法力值消耗,Stamina消耗同理。ManaMMC.h#pragma once

#include "CoreMinimal.h"

#include "GameplayModMagnitudeCalculation.h"

#include "ManaMMC.generated.h"

/**

*

*/

UCLASS()

class ARPG_UNREAL_API UManaMMC : public UGameplayModMagnitudeCalculation

{

GENERATED_BODY()

virtual float CalculateBaseMagnitude_Implementation(const FGameplayEffectSpec& Spec) const override;

};

ManaMMC.cpp#include "GameplayAbilitySystem/ManaMMC.h"

#include "GameplayAbilitySystem/GameplayAbilityBase.h"

float UManaMMC::CalculateBaseMagnitude_Implementation(const FGameplayEffectSpec& Spec) const

{

const UGameplayAbilityBase* Ability = Cast(Spec.GetContext().GetAbilityInstance_NotReplicated());

if (!Ability)

{

return 0.0f;

}

return Ability->ManaCost.GetValueAtLevel(Ability->GetAbilityLevel());

}

最后写一个通用的Cost和CD GE,所有的GA都使用这两个GE创建Spec。Cost GECooldown GE注意上面的Data Tag并不等同于Cooldown Tag,只是用于告诉GE的修改器(Modifier)需要修改(Modify)的Data是什么。Cooldown Tag才是CD期间拥有的Tag,以Cooldown开头。之后创建一个GA蓝图基类,之后所有的GA都继承自这个基类,配置好cd、tag和cost,然后调用Commit Ability节点就好了。如果不需要cost或CD,最好取消选择Cooldown GE Class和Cost GE Class,以避免当魔力值归零时无法释放0消耗技能的问题。基类设置具体GA配置3.6 Ability TaskGA是在一帧内完成的,如果想要实现类似Wait的异步逻辑需要使用Task。图中所示就是Ability Task,是基于原生的Gameplay Task实现的。可以看见,GAS内置了许多Task,图中用的是一个播放蒙太奇的Task(注意与UE原生的播放蒙太奇节点不同,在GAS系统中最好使用PlayMontageAndWait)。自带的Task的功能讲解可以参考这篇文章。https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/397889713如果想要实现自己的Task,如监听玩家输入等,需要使用C++。具体实现可以参考这篇文章,不再赘述。虚幻四Gameplay Ability System入门(12)-Ability Task4 Attribute Set4.1 Attribute与ASAttributeSet 负责定义和持有属性,并且管理属性的变化,包括网络同步。 需要在Actor中被添加为成员变量,并注册到ASC(C++)。 一个ASC可以拥有一个或多个(不同的)AttributeSet,因此可以角色共享一个很大的 Attribute Set,也可以每个角色按需添加Attribute Set。可以在属性变化前(PreAttributeChange)后(PostGameplayEffectExecute)处理相关 逻辑,可以通过委托的方式绑定属性变化。 正如字面意思,AS是Attribute的集合。Attribute就是HP、MP、Speed、ATK等可以用float表示的属性。因为Attribute是包含了两个float变量的结构体,分别是Base Value和Current Value。Base Value表示基础值,Current Value表示临时值。如临时增加100生命值10s,改变的就是Current Value,10s后自动变回Base Value。做GE时要注意修改的是哪种Value(详见5.2.1)AS只能使用C++创建。4.2 AS添加创建AttributeSetBase类,这里需要使用AbilitySystemComponent.h的宏ATTRIBUTE_ACCESSORS()。对每一个FGameplayAttributeData都应用一遍宏。这里创建Health和MaxHealth作为示范。AttributeSetBase.h#pragma once

#include "CoreMinimal.h"

#include "AttributeSet.h"

#include "AbilitySystemComponent.h"

#include "AttributeSetBase.generated.h"

// Uses macros from AttributeSet.h

#define ATTRIBUTE_ACCESSORS(ClassName, PropertyName) \

GAMEPLAYATTRIBUTE_PROPERTY_GETTER(ClassName, PropertyName) \

GAMEPLAYATTRIBUTE_VALUE_GETTER(PropertyName) \

GAMEPLAYATTRIBUTE_VALUE_SETTER(PropertyName) \

GAMEPLAYATTRIBUTE_VALUE_INITTER(PropertyName)

/**

*

*/

UCLASS()

class ARPG_UNREAL_API UAttributeSetBase : public UAttributeSet

{

GENERATED_BODY()

public:

// Attributes

UPROPERTY(VisibleAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite);

FGameplayAttributeData Health;

ATTRIBUTE_ACCESSORS(UAttributeSetBase, Health);

UPROPERTY(VisibleAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite);

FGameplayAttributeData MaxHealth;

ATTRIBUTE_ACCESSORS(UAttributeSetBase, MaxHealth);

};

最后在ASC组件里指定好就可以使用了。Default Starting Table是用于属性初始化用的,详见下一节。4.3 AS初始化AS可以通过GE和DataTable两种不同方式初始化,Epic推荐使用GE。4.3.1 通过GE初始化建议先看完GE部分。创建一个GE,命名为GE_InitAttributes,找到Gameplay Effect条目。一个Modifiers对应一个Attributes。添加新的Modifier,选择要修改的属性,Modifier Op(修改方式)选择Override。Modifier Magnitude(修改值)选择Scalable Float,填入想设置的默认值。然后在蓝图中Apply该GE即可。4.3.2 通过DataTable初始化创建一个DataTable,行结构选择AttributeMetaData,其格式如下。可以使用Excel做好后保存为csv文件再快速导入。注意这里的最大最小值没有任何作用,为未完成功能,实现方法见4.5。因此最好单独创建一个MaxHealth属性。属性的名称需要带上完整类名。然后找到Character的ASC组件,在Attribute Test条目填上表格即可。4.4 AS获取搜索Get Attribute即可,Current Value和Base Value都可以获得。可以通过ASC组件调用,也可以使用GAS的蓝图函数库里的函数。4.5 监听Attribute修改事件建议先看完GE部分,了解GE的机制后再回来看此部分。4.5.1 PreAttributesChange和PostGameplayEffectExecuteAttributeSet提供了两个方法用于监听Value的改变:PreAttributeChange:用于Attribute的Current Value被改变前调用,对应Infinite和Has Duration的GE。PostGameplayEffectExecute:用于Base Value改变后调用,对应InstantGE。virtual void PreAttributeChange(const FGameplayAttribute& Attribute, float& NewValue) override;

virtual void PostGameplayEffectExecute(const FGameplayEffectModCallbackData& Data) override;

这两个事件适用于Clamp属性,确保其不超出临界值。void UAttributeSetBase::PreAttributeChange(const FGameplayAttribute& Attribute, float& NewValue)

{

Super::PreAttributeChange(Attribute, NewValue);

if (Attribute == GetHealthAttribute())

{

NewValue = FMath::Clamp(NewValue, 0.0f, GetMaxHealth());

}

}

// 这个方法也行,但是需要"GameplayEffectExtension.h"

void UAttributeSetBase::PostGameplayEffectExecute(const FGameplayEffectModCallbackData& Data)

{

Super::PostGameplayEffectExecute(Data);

if(Data.EvaluatedData.Attribute == GetHealthAttribute())

{

SetHealth(FMath::Clamp(GetHealth(), 0.0f, GetMaxHealth()));

}

}

4.5.2 GetGameplayAttributeValueChangeDelegate如果想要监听Attribute的变化以更新UI,则不适合用上面的方法,应该在角色类中创建一个回调,以及蓝图事件:CharacterBase.h// Attribute Change Callbacks

void OnHealthChanged(const FOnAttributeChangeData& Data);

// Attribute Change Event in Blueprint

DECLARE_DYNAMIC_MULTICAST_DELEGATE_OneParam(FOnHealthChangeEvent, float, NewHealth);

UPROPERTY(BlueprintAssignable, Category="Ability")

FOnHealthChangeEvent HealthChangeEvent;

CharacterBase.cppvoid ACharacterBase::OnHealthChanged(const FOnAttributeChangeData& Data)

{

HealthChangeEvent.Broadcast(Data.NewValue);

}

然后在BeginPlay()里将其注册到ASC:void ACharacterBase::BeginPlay()

{

Super::BeginPlay();

if (AbilitySystemComponent != nullptr)

{

//初始化技能...

//初始化ASC...

//注册Attribute变化事件

AbilitySystemComponent->GetGameplayAttributeValueChangeDelegate(UAttributeSetBase::GetHealthAttribute()).AddUObject(this, &ACharacterBase::OnHealthChanged);

}

}

之后就可以从蓝图调用生命值变化事件了。5 Gameplay Effect5.1 GE介绍Gameplay Effect(GE)是Ability对自己或他人产生影响的途径。 GE通常可以被理解为我们游戏中的buff。比如增益/减益效果(修改属性)。但是GAS中的GE也更加广义,释放技能时候的伤害结算,施加特殊效果的控制、霸体效果 (修改GameplayTag)都是通过GE来实现的。GE相当于一个可配置的数据表,不可以添加逻辑。开发者创建一个UGameplayEffect的派 生蓝图,就可以根据需求制作想要的效果。 GE就是一张数据表,不负责逻辑处理,定义Attribute修改的值。GE是修改Attribute的唯一渠道!其工作流程可以简单分为以下几步:创建一个实例Spec。(可选)修改Spec的一些值。如果允许,应用(Apply)GE,但是Attribute仍未被修改。如果允许,使Modifier生效,修改Attribute。满足条件后,移除该Spec。其功能非常多且强大,提供了非常多的可配置项。来一张图感受一下GE的配置项可以满足绝大多数游戏的需求,尤其是MOBA游戏和RPG游戏。比较重要的功能有嵌套调用GE、赋予GA、调用GC。此外也能根据等级计算数据、实现多层GE叠加、设置GE应用的条件、几率等。5.2介绍上面的大部分配置项,5.3介绍GE的核心配置——Modifier,5.4介绍GE的使用。5.2 GE配置项讲解5.2.1 Gameplay Effect最核心的配置项。Duration Policy:GE的持续类型,有三种。Instand:立即改变Base Value(扣血)。Infinite:永久改变Current Value(按下疾跑修改速度)只能通过GA或ASC取消。Has Duration:临时修改Current Value(临时Buff)。Modifiers:选择你要修改的Attribute,支持数值等级曲线和Tag,会单独讲。Executions:同样也是修改属性,支持更复杂的运算。Conditional Gameplay Effects:当GE成功应用时,可以应用其他GE,嵌套调用GE的方法之一。如果是Has Duration的GE,那么我们需要设定Duration的时长,称为Duration Magnitude。而下文的Modifier里面也有一个Magnitude的概念,二者的设置方法是一样的,详见5.3.2。5.2.2 Period设置GE的触发周期,仅有Infinite和Has Duration的GE才显示前两项设置。Period:如果是Infinite模式,加上Period后等价于周期执行的Instant;如果是Has Duration模式,就是普通的周期重复。(也有说法是周期执行的Instance,待证实)Execute Periodic Effect on Application:t=0的时候是否触发。(如LOL中点燃技能就是使用后立即造成伤害,之后每秒应用一次)。Periodic Inhibition Policy:GE中断并恢复后的处理方式。Never Reset:从被打断时的位置开始计算周期,相当于暂停再播放。Reset Period:从0开始计算周期。Execute and Reset Period:打断时立即执行一次,下次从0开始计算周期。5.2.3 Application设置GE的应用概率和条件。概率支持曲线图表。条件可以简单地用Tag去限制,也可以用Application Requirement进行更复杂的逻辑判断。需要添加一个自定义的Custom Application Requirement(CAR)蓝图类,重载里面的唯一方法,如下图所示。官方文档推荐在以下情况使用CAR蓝图类:Target需要有一定数量的属性时Target需要GE堆叠到一定数量时除此之外CARs还能够做更多事情,比如检查Target是否应用了一个GameplayEffect 的实例,在应用一个新实例时如果同类型的实例已存在则只改变其持续时间(CanApplyGameplayEffect()要返回false)。5.2.4 Stacking用于叠加多个GE的效果,仅能用于Infinite和Has Duration的GE。Stack Limit Count:最大层数。Stacking Type:叠加栈在目标身上or施法者身上。举个例子,假设层数为3,如果是by Target模式,那么3个敌人对我释放的Debuff只能叠三层。如果是by Source模式,那么3个敌人可以对我叠加9层Debuff。 每层Effect如果是Modifiers来计算,则为直接叠加的效果,比如用Modifiers来增加3攻击力,则第一层为增加3攻击力,则第二层为增加6攻击力,则第三层为增加9攻击力,而如果需要根据层数不同而改变增加的值,则需要使用Executions。 Stack Duration Refresh Policy:Apply新GE时是否刷新持续时间,注意溢出的Apply也会刷新,想关闭可以在下面的Overflow条目关闭。Stack Period Reset Policy:同上,是否刷新周期。Stack Expiration Policy:当一层GE的Duration到期后的处理方式。Clear Entire Stack:清空全部层数,如LOL征服者。Remove Single Stack and Refresh Duration:清空一层,如LOL致命节奏。Refresh Duration:不清空,相当于无限长的Duration,但可以通过调用FActiveGameplayEffectsContainer::OnStackCountChange(FActiveGameplayEffect& ActiveEffect, int32 OldStackCount, int32 NewStackCount)方法来自己处理细节,如一次掉两层。5.2.5 Overflow可以设置Stack溢出会Apply的GE。通过GE应用GE的方法之一,需要配合Stacking来使用。Deny Overflow Application:如果为True,则溢出的Apply不会刷新Duration。Clear Stack On Overflow:字面意思,需要勾选上一个选项后才能选中。5.2.6 Expiration当GE的Duration被打断或结束时的行为。通过GE应用GE的方法之一,仅能用于Has Duration的GE。Premature Expiration Effect Classes:打断时Apply的GE。Routine Expiration Effect Classes:正常结束时Apply的GE。5.2.7 ImmunityImmunity和Tag类似,也可以用来限制GE。通过Tag匹配来实现,匹配的目标是Target的ASC组件以及拥有的GA。如果拥有Require Tags的所有Tag,并且没有Ignore Tags的所有Tag,则认为匹配成功,该GE不会被Apply。和Tags相比,Immunity提供了一个回调UAbilitySystemComponent::OnImmunityBlockGameplayEffectDelegate。下面的Granted Application Immunity Query是更高级的匹配,但是更消耗性能。比较特殊的是最后三个选项,分别是根据GE修改的Attribute匹配、根据GE来源匹配以及根据GE的类匹配。5.2.8 Tags和GA的Tag条目类似,设置各种限制条件。GameplayEffectAssetTag:GE的Tag。Combined Tag为计算结果,不可编辑,计算方式是继承的Tag+Added-RemovedGrantedTags:GE会赋予目标ASC的Tag,仅适用于Infinite和Has Duration的GE。Application Tag Requirements:GE满足Tag条件才能应用(Apply)。Ongoing Tag Requirements:GE满足Tag条件才能修改值(Modifier or Execution)。通过这项设置GE可以仅Apply而不修改值,仅适用于Infinite和Has Duration的GE。Removal Tag Requirements:GE满足Tag条件就会被移除。Remove Gameplay Effects with Tags:Apply后移除指定Tag的GE。Remove Gameplay Effect Query:上面一条的高级版,可以匹配GE的类(Effect Definition),匹配来源(Effect Source)以及匹配GE修改的属性(Modifying Attribute),移除成功匹配的GE。5.2.9 Display与特效相关的设置,调用Gameplay Cue的方式之一,详见6.3.1。5.2.10 Granted Abilities使用GE添加GA的方式。仅支持Infinite和Has Duration的GE。Level:GA的等级。Input ID:如果使用旧版输入,每一个操作映射都对应着一个枚举值,输入对应的枚举值就可以将这个新GA绑定到输入上。Removal Policy:设置当GE被移除时,GA是否要移除。Cancel Ability Immediately:移除,并触发事件EndAbility。Remove Ability on End:移除,但是不触发EndAbility。Do Nothing:GA不会被移除。5.3 Modifier与Execution5.3.1 Modifier是什么Modifier在Gameplay Effect目录下,作用是修改Attribute,一个Modifier对应一个Attribute。Attribute:要修改的Attribute,AttributeSetBase是自己写的C++ AS类。Modifier Op:运算符(Operator),有加、乘、除、覆盖四种。Modifier Magnitude:运算值,与Attribute进行Modifier Op选择的运算。Tags:是否能修改修改该Attribute的限制条件,这里指ASC组件上的Tag。我们制作GE,主要任务就是确定Attribute、Op与Magnitude,而Magnitude是最灵活的一部分,可以通过四种方式得到,下面即将介绍。5.3.2 Magnitude的计算Magnitude的计算方式有四种,对应四种Magnitude Calculation Type:Scalable Float:不计算,直接给定一个浮点数作为Magnitude的值,也可以从等级曲线中获得。要注意的是如果使用了曲线图表,图表里获得的值会和输入的数相乘。 Attribute Based:读取玩家或目标属性作为一个值,可以进行简单线性计算。 主要分为三个部分,上面的部分是运算系数,公式为 Mag = Coe * (Attr + Pre) + Post 要修改的Attribute和用来计算Magnitude的Attribute是不一样的,为了区分这里称后者为Attr。 Coe,Pre,Post都可以通过等级图表获得。 中间的部分为Attr的来源,图例为目标的生命值。可以实现如偷取敌方最大生命值20%的效果。 AttributeCurve的存在意义不是很清楚。 *根据https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/134292208的说明,正确的公式应该如下,有待测试。 Mag = AttrCurve * Coe * (Attr + Pre) + Post 关于Snapshot,官方文档是这么说明的:快照(Snapshot)意味着取GameplayEffectSpec被创建时属性的值,否则取GameplayEffectSpec被应用时属性的值。 正常情况下,我们为角色应用GE需要调用ApplyGEToOwner节点(详见5.4.1),此时系统会自动帮我们创建一个Spec实例并将其Apply。但我们也可以手动地调用MakeOutgoingGESpec节点来实例化一个GE,修改其值后,再使用ApplyGESpecToOwner节点应用该Spec。该方法在3.5.2有使用。如果想要获取修改前的值,就可以勾选Snapshot。下面的Attribute Calculation Type有三种,代表Attr使用的值: Attribute Magnitude:使用Current Value。Attribute Base Value:字面意思。Attribute Bonus Magnitude:使用Current Value - Base Value。 Tag也是计算限制条件,不过是对Attr的限制,而不是上文的Attribute。 Custom Calculation Class:自定义的更复杂的运算规则,与AttributeBase相比好处是可以获取任意数量的Attr。点击Calculation Class旁边的加号,将创建一个GameplayModMagnitudeCalculation蓝图类里面唯一的重载函数就是写计算逻辑的地方,返回的float就是Magnitude值。此外还有一个继承的变量RelevantAttributeToCapture,可以在类默认值设置要Capture的Attribute及其来源。但这个蓝图应该只是半成品,Spec和GE Attribute Capture Definition结构体都没法拆分,想要在蓝图使用还需要去C++部分自己实现一些函数给蓝图。如果使用C++的方式编写MMC,可以参考这篇文章对照着上图理解会更直观一些。同时在3.5.2处设置Cost时也有一个使用MMC的例子。 Set By Caller:通过蓝图获得Magnitude。一般情况下,我们Apply一个GE后,系统会自动帮我们生成一个GE的Spec并添加到目标的ASC上。5.4会说明GE的一般使用方法。这里的思路不太一样,我们先是创建了一个GE的实例Spec,用Caller修改指定Modifier的Magnitude之后,再将Spec Apply到目标上。而Data Tag则用于区分多个Modifier,告诉蓝图修改哪个Modifier的Magnitude,建议用Data开头。比较简单,也非常好用。配置完之后可以从GA或是ASC按照下图所示方法使用该GE。图例为创建一个Cooldown GE的实例后,再将Cooldown值赋给对应Data的Magnitude。Cooldown的实现并不是这样,这里只是一个演示,可以自行换成其他属性5.3.3 Execution介绍更高级的Modifier,一个Execution就能设置多个Attribute。和上面计算Modifier的Magnitude用的CalculationClass类似,区别在于上文用到的MagnitudeCalculation是获取多个Attr以计算Magnitude,再通过Magnitude修改Attribute。而这个ExecutionCalculation是直接获取多个Attribute进行修改。具体实现可以参考5.3.2的第3小节。此外,Conditional GE可以设置Execution成功执行时候Apply的GE,这也是非主动应用GE的方法之一。图的最下面也有一个Conditional GE,注意二者是不一样的,在5.2.1有提到。鼠标悬停也能查看二者的差别。5.4 GE的应用GE的应用我们称为Apply,可以从GA或者ASC去Apply一个GE。GE可以通过蓝图手动应用,也可以通过GE的配置项,使GE在特定条件下嵌套应用其他GE。5.4.1 GE的主动应用应用GE的时候,我们可以设置GE的等级。Stacks表示应用多少层的GE,仅在GA里Apply GE时才能设置此项。注意重复调用该节点也算多层GE叠加,Stack详见5.2.4。GA中Apply GE的例子ASC中Apply GE的例子Apply的对象有Owner也有Target,Owner比较省事。如果想让敌人扣血,可以在GA里先Send一个Gameplay Event,通过Event调用Target的播放受击动画的GA,再在GA里Apply 一个扣血GE To Self。5.4.2 GE的嵌套应用涉及3个配置项,对应不同的条件:Gameplay Effect:当前GE成功应用后,应用配置好的GE,见5.2.1。Overflow:GE层数溢出时,应用配置好的GE,可以做满层爆炸的效果,见5.2.5。Expiration:GE中断或结束时,应用配置好的GE,见5.2.6。6 Gameplay Cue6.1 GC介绍GameplayCues (GC) 执行非游戏性相关的事情,比如音效,粒子特效,震屏等。GameplayCues通常会被复制和预测(除非设置Executed, Added或Removed是本地的)。 主要有Static和Actor两类GC。Static适用于单次播放的特效。由于其是静态的,不会产生实例,因此在其蓝图里创建的变量都是只读的。对应Instant和Periodic的GE。Actor适用于持久的,不定时长的特效。其继承自一个场景Actor,每次使用会产生一个对应实例。对应Infinity和Has Duration的GE。6.2 GC的制作打开窗口-GameplayCue编辑器,可以看到如下页面。每一个GC(处理器/Handler)需要一个对应的Tag,点击新增会显示GC蓝图创建页面。根据需求选择即可。不用GameplayCue编辑器,直接创建GC蓝图也是可以的,但是记得在类默认值中设置Tag。6.2.1 Static类型GC设置对于Static的GC,仅需重载OnExecute函数即可。通过获取传入参数Target的根组件,就可以附加粒子系统发射器了。Parameter用于传入一些参数,如伤害飘字的数值等,具体的设置会在6.3.1说明。6.2.2 Actor类型GC设置Actor类型GC继承自场景Actor,因此有Tick、BeginPlay、Overlap等其他函数。因此其类默认值也有很多设置,最主要的是Gameplay Cue和CleanUp两个目录。这里我们重载OnActive和OnRemove两个函数即可。和Static类型的GC不同的是,如果我们勾选了Gameplay Cue的Auto Attach GC To Owner,我们可以用GC自身的根组件作为发射器要附加的组件(在不需要绑定到指定骨骼的情况下)。此外,由于Actor类型的GC是非静态的,可以产生实例,因此是可以创建变量并写入的。6.3 GC的调用一般通过GE配置,也可以在GA里调用execute/add触发6.3.1 从GE配置GC选择GC对应的Tag即可,可以同时选择多个Tag,触发多个GC。Require Modifier Success to Trigger Cues:需要GE成功修改Attribute后才调用GC,而不仅仅是Apply该GE。Suppress Stacking Cues:多个GE存在Stack中时是否实例化多个GC(如果使用了Stack,对应的一定是可以实例化的Actor类GC)。Min、Max Level和Magnitude Attribute则与传入参数有关Raw Magnitude即为Magnitude Attribute的值,而Normalized Magnitude的计算方式如下:$Normalized = (Raw - Min) / (Max - Min)$如上图所示,当Min=0且Max=100时,Normalized = Raw / 100,即百分比。6.3.2 从GA调用GC共有五个相关函数,Add&Remove与Execute分别对应Actor类型和Static类型的GC,具体用法见图。7 Debug方法可以参考这篇文章(偷个懒)8 总结整个GAS系统的工作流程如图所示。ASC管理GA、GE、Attribute。GE可以用来给予ASC一个GA,也可以修改Attribute。(甚至还能Apply其他的GE,图中没有提到)GA可以发送Event给其他ASC,调用对应的GA;也可以对目标Apply一个GE,修改其属性。GE和GA都可以用来触发GC。如果看到这里所有内容都明白了,那么可以看[UnrealOpenDay2020]深入GAS架构设计 | EpicGames 大钊_哔哩哔哩_bilibil,系统讲解了GAS的整体框架,读源码会更容易。参考文献https://github.com/tranek/GASDocumentation虚幻引擎游戏技能系统文档_玉田白菜的博客-CSDN博客Gameplay技能系统 | 虚幻引擎文档 (unrealengine.com)[中文直播]第31期|GAS插件介绍(入门篇) | 伍德 大钊_哔哩哔哩_bilibili[UnrealOpenDay2020]深入GAS架构设计 | EpicGames 大钊_哔哩哔哩_bilibili虚幻四教程 - 知乎 (zhihu.com)GAS AbilityTask节点功能整理GameplayAbility中的Debug方法虚幻插件GAS分析3-0 GameplayEffect标签面面观-标签栏[玩转UE4/UE5动画系统>技能系统(GAS)篇] 二 技能 Gameplay Ability(GA)虚幻引擎游戏技能系统 - 知乎 (zhihu.com)Unreal Engine GAS系统_虎牙维护世界和平-CSDN博客8.10学习记录,UE4官方GASdemo,ARPG_StrangerMQ的博客-CSDN博客UE4 GAS/ActionRPG学习导图——AttributeSet(Gameplay Ability System)_jkchen's Haven-CSDN博客编辑于 2022-06-17 08:24虚幻 4(游戏引擎)​赞同 371​​24 条评论​分享​喜欢​收藏​申请

gas是什么意思_gas的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词霸在线词典

什么意思_gas的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词霸在线词典首页翻译背单词写作校对词霸下载用户反馈专栏平台登录gas是什么意思_gas用英语怎么说_gas的翻译_gas翻译成_gas的中文意思_gas怎么读,gas的读音,gas的用法,gas的例句翻译人工翻译试试人工翻译翻译全文简明柯林斯牛津gas高中/CET4/CET6英 [ɡæs]美 [ɡæs]释义n.气体; [矿业] 瓦斯; 汽油; 毒气vt.加油; 毒(死)vi.加油; 放出气体; 空谈大小写变形:GasGAsGAS点击 人工翻译,了解更多 人工释义词态变化复数: gases;第三人称单数: gasses;过去式: gassed;过去分词: gassed;现在分词: gassing;实用场景例句全部气体瓦斯汽油毒气加油放出气体空谈The party was a real gas.这次聚会真有趣。牛津词典Step on the gas , we're late.加大油门,我们要迟到了。牛津词典to fill up the gas tank加满油箱牛津词典a gas station加油站牛津词典a gas pump加(汽)油泵牛津词典a gas attack毒气攻击牛津词典During the birth she was given gas and air.她分娩时用了麻醉混合气体。牛津词典Air is a mixture of gases.空气为混合气体。牛津词典CFC gases含氯氟烃气体牛津词典a gas bottle/cylinder (= for storing gas)气瓶 / 罐牛津词典(British English)Preheat the oven to gas mark 5 (= a particular temperature of a gas oven).把烤炉预热至5挡。牛津词典a gas cooker/fire/furnace/oven/ring/stove煤气灶;煤气取暖器;煤气锅炉;煤气烤箱;煤气灶火圈;煤气炉牛津词典a gas explosion/leak气体爆炸;煤气泄漏牛津词典gas central heating燃气中央供暖系统牛津词典an anaesthetic gas麻醉气体牛津词典Coal is actually cheaper than gas...煤实际上比煤气便宜。柯林斯高阶英语词典Shell signed a contract to develop oil and gas reserves near Archangel.壳牌石油公司签订了一份开采阿尔汉格尔附近的石油和天然气资源的合同。柯林斯高阶英语词典Helium is a very light gas.氦是一种非常轻的气体。柯林斯高阶英语词典...a huge cloud of gas and dust from the volcanic eruption.火山喷发形成的混杂着气体和尘埃的巨大云团柯林斯高阶英语词典...mustard gas...芥子气柯林斯高阶英语词典The problem was that the exhaust gases contain many toxins.问题在于废气中含有很多毒素。柯林斯高阶英语词典...an anaesthetic gas used by many dentists.为许多牙医使用的一种麻醉气柯林斯高阶英语词典...a tank of gas.一桶汽油柯林斯高阶英语词典...gas stations.加油站柯林斯高阶英语词典Her husband ran a pipe from her car exhaust to the bedroom in an attempt to gas her.她的丈夫将一根与她的汽车排气管相通的管子导入卧室,企图用毒气将她杀死。柯林斯高阶英语词典It was really a gas to find someone I could talk with.找到一个能和我谈得来的人真是一件让人高兴的事。柯林斯高阶英语词典收起实用场景例句真题例句全部四级六级高考考研People are not spending all the money they save on gas.出自-2016年12月阅读原文Consumers, in the U.S. at least, are acting cautiously with the savings they're getting at the gas pump, as the memory of the recent great recession is still fresh in their mind.出自-2016年12月阅读原文Display and sales restrictions: California has a rule prohibiting alcohol displays near the cash registers in gas stations, and in most places you can't buy alcohol at drive-through facilities.出自-2013年6月阅读原文What is the purpose of California's rule about alcohol display in gas stations出自-2013年6月阅读原文Annan stressed the need for the negotiations to focus on increasing the flow of money from rich to poor regions to help reduce their vulnerability to climate hazards while still curbing the emissions of the heat-trapping gases.出自-2011年6月阅读原文How emissions of heat-trapping gases can be reduced on a global scale出自-2011年6月阅读原文Already there are many alternative fuel vehicles on the market, powered by anything from solar power to natural gas.出自-2013年6月听力原文They can easily switch to natural gas出自-2013年6月听力原文A study by the University of Manchester calculated the emissions of CO2—the main greenhouse gas responsible for climate change—at every stage of microwaves, from manufacture to waste disposal.2019年12月四级真题(第一套)阅读 Section CIt is profitable to drill to depths more than 1,000 feet for oil and gas extraction, but only recently in California has it become profitable to pump water from this depth.2018年12月四级真题(第一套)阅读 Section CUnfortunately, the current low prices for oil, gas, and coal may provide little incentive for research to find even cheaper substitutes for those fuels.出自-2017年6月阅读原文The recent discovery of the giant Zohr gas field off the Egyptian coast will eventually have impact on pricing in the Mediterranean region and Europe, and there is significant development potential in many other places, notably Argentina.出自-2017年6月阅读原文The North American shale gas boom has resulted in record low prices there.出自-2017年6月阅读原文Renewables account for only a small share of global primary energy consumption, which is still dominated by fossil fuels—30% each for coal and oil, 25% for natural gas.出自-2017年6月阅读原文Pricing carbon proves the most economical way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.出自-2017年6月阅读原文Natural gas and coal—also fossil fuels—have similarly seen price declines that look to be long-lived.出自-2017年6月阅读原文Nations from around the world have gathered in Paris for the United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP 21, with the goal of a universal and potentially legally-binding agreement on reducing greenhouse gas emissions.出自-2017年6月阅读原文Greenhouse gas emissions, if not properly dealt with, will pose endless risks for mankind.出自-2017年6月阅读原文Failure to address comprehensively the problem of greenhouse gas emissions, however, exposes all generations, present and future, to incalculable risks.出自-2017年6月阅读原文Coal and natural gas are mainly used for electricity generation, whereas oil is used mostly to power transportation, yet the prices of all these energy sources are linked.出自-2017年6月阅读原文As a country's wealth grows, so do its greenhouse gas emissions.出自-2016年6月阅读原文To be sure, the battery still has a long way to go before the nightly recharge completely replaces the weekly trip to the gas station.出自-2016年12月阅读原文Fewer than 4% of countries are responsible for more than half of the world's greenhouse gas emissions.出自-2016年12月阅读原文Developed nations such as Australia, the United States, Canada, and European countries are essentially climate free-riders: causing the majority of the problems through high greenhouse gas emissions, while incurring few of the costs such as climate change's impact on food and water.出自-2016年12月阅读原文Antarctica's mineral, oil and gas wealth are a longer-term prize.出自-2016年12月阅读原文And while assessments vary widely, geologists estimate that Antarctica holds at least 36 billion barrels of oil and natural gas.出自-2016年12月阅读原文According to geologists' estimates, Antarctica has enormous reserves of oil and natural gas.出自-2016年12月阅读原文It’s no accident that most gas station shave convenience stores attached.出自-2016年12月听力原文The Conservatives plan to adopt this strategy by making utility companies print the average local electricity and gas usage on people's bills.出自-2015年12月阅读原文That’s energy in all forms--oil, gas, coal, nuclear, solar and even wind power.出自-2015年12月听力原文Indeed, on a global scale, fertiliser manufacturing consumes about 3-5% of the world's annual natural gas supply.出自-2013年12月阅读原文Short-term oil shortage drove American consumers to wait in long lines at gas pumps.出自-2013年6月阅读原文Left alone, it was assumed, the world's rain forests would not only flourish but might even rescue us from disaster by absorbing the excess carbon dioxide and other planet-warming greenhouse gases.出自-2013年6月阅读原文billion metric tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year - making forests the leading source of greenhouse gases出自-2013年6月阅读原文More than paradise lost, a perishing rain forest could trigger a domino effect - sending winds and rains kilometers off course and loading the skies with even greater levels of greenhouse gases - that will be felt far beyond the Amazon basin.出自-2013年6月阅读原文Each burning season in the Amazon, fires deliberately set by frontier settlers and developers hurl up almost half a billion metric tons of carbon a year, placing Brazil among the top five contributors to greenhouse gases in the world出自-2013年6月阅读原文The author argues that the rising carbon levels in rain forests may turn them into a major source of greenhouse gases.出自-2013年6月阅读原文turn them into a major source of greenhouse gases出自-2013年6月阅读原文What makes Brazil one of the world's top five contributors to greenhouse gases?出自-2013年6月阅读原文In face of global warming, much effort has been focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions through a variety of strategies.出自-2012年6月阅读原文But what do you do with the gas once you've captured it出自-2012年6月阅读原文Dakota Gasification of North Dakota captures CO2 at a plant that converts coal into synthetic natural gas.出自-2012年6月阅读原文It then ships the gas 200 miles by pipeline to Canada, where it is pumped underground in oil recovery operations出自-2012年6月阅读原文Some propose storing the CO2 in coal mines or liquid storage in the ocean, Shell favors storing CO2 in deep geological structures such as saline(盐的) formations and exhausted oil and gas fields that exist throughout the world.出自-2012年6月阅读原文For a start, all animals, such as cows, pigs and sheep, always gas limed methane, which is the second most common green house gas after carbon dioxide.出自-2013年6月听力原文Methane has become the chief source of greenhouse gas.出自-2013年6月听力原文Developed nations such as Australia, the United States, Canada, and European countries are essentially climate "free-riders": causing the majority of the problems through high greenhouse gas emissions, while incurring few of the costs such as climate chan2016年12月六级真题(第二套)阅读 Section CFewer than 4% of countries are responsible for more than half of the world's greenhouse gas emissions.2016年12月六级真题(第二套)阅读 Section CHeating this chemical compound drives off carbon dioxide gas, leaving calcium oxide.2018年12月六级真题(第二套)听力 Section CIt stands in sharp contrast to Sanchez, this other gadget, a gas powered flame we killer, invented in 1997.2019年12月六级真题(第二套)听力 Section BSommerkorn says a plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions blamed for global warming needs to come out of the Copenhagen Climate Change Summit in December.2016年6月六级真题(第一套)听力 Section CThe gas can be stored under pressure in a tank.2018年12月六级真题(第二套)听力 Section CTo be sure, the battery still has a long way to go before the nightly recharge completely replaces the weekly trip to the gas station.2016年12月六级真题(第一套)阅读 Section CTo recover the energy, the gas is fed back over the calcium oxide.2018年12月六级真题(第二套)听力 Section CAccording to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.2018年高考英语全国卷I 阅读理解 阅读D 原文Environmental protection agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that "the production, distribution, and use of products — as well as management of the resulting waste — all result in greenhouse gas release".2015年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 阅读B 原文Gas emissions have been effectively reduced in developed countries.2016年高考英语上海卷 阅读理解 阅读B 选项In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol explained our role in the earth's changing atmosphere and set international limits for gas emissions from 2008 to 2012.2016年高考英语上海卷 阅读理解 阅读B 原文It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour in the air.2017年高考英语全国卷2 阅读理解 阅读C 原文Just how bad was it? The neighbors came out of their houses to see if we had a gas leak!2015年高考英语四川卷 阅读理解 阅读B 原文The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being"captured"by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms.2015年高考英语浙江卷 阅读理解 阅读C 原文While fossil fuels – coal, oil, gas – still generate roughly 85 percent of the world's energy supply, it's clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar.2018年考研真题(英语二)阅读理解 Section Ⅱ收起真题例句英英释义Noun1. the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity; relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature; the ability to diffuse readily; and the spontaneous tendenc2. a fluid in the gaseous state having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely3. a volatile flammable mixture of hydrocarbons (hexane and heptane and octane etc.) derived from petroleum; used mainly as a fuel in internal-combustion engines4. a state of excessive gas in the alimentary canal5. a pedal that controls the throttle valve;"he stepped on the gas"6. a fossil fuel in the gaseous state; used for cooking and heating homesVerb1. attack with gas; subject to gas fumes;"The despot gassed the rebellious tribes"2. show off收起英英释义词组搭配run out of gas(N. Amer. informal)run out of energy; lose momentum(北美,非正式)没有能量;缺少动力step on the gas(N. Amer. informal)press on the accelerator to make a car go faster(北美,非正式)踩油门加速gas upTo supply a vehicle with gas or gasoline加油:给一辆车提供油gas up a car; gassed up before the trip.给小汽车加油;在出发之前把油加好收起词组搭配同义词辨析atmosphere, air, gas这些名词均与"空气"有关。atmosphere:指围绕有的星球,特别是围绕地球的空气,即大气层。也可指环境气氛。air:指空气,也泛指一般气体。gas:指气态物,尤指供燃烧取暖或照明的气体,其中一部分称作瓦斯。同义词n.气体vaporfumen.汽油;石油petroleumgasoline其他释义steampetroleumvaporairpetrolpretensegasolinesmokefume反义词n.气体;可燃气solidliquid其他释义liquidsolid行业词典体育餐车气体推动   古典型高尔夫球车   户外古典型高尔夫球车气体推动   豪华古典型高尔夫球车   冶金学烟气   医学气体   煤气   土木工程加气剂   gas-forming admixture   燃气   机械气体放电源   gas-discharge source 低气压气体放电电离试样的离子源。特点是离子流较强、离子能量分散大、离子流波动较大。   水产汽液分离器   liquid separator 制冷系统中设置在节流阀和蒸发器之间吸入管路上用以分离节流后产生的闪发气体,防止其进入蒸发器的装置。   煤炭瓦斯   又称 :瓦斯(firedamp )   在煤炭界,习惯上指煤层气或矿井瓦斯。   物理学气液连续性   gas-liquid continuity   电力充气法养护   gas-filled boiler protection   常用俚语gas guzzler汽车(尤指美国耗油的大汽车)I got rid of my gas-guzzler and got a smaller car.我把我那辆耗油的大汽车处理掉了,换了一辆较小的轿车。The old gas-guzzlers were certainly comfortable.无可否认那些老式大轿车很舒适。释义词态变化实用场景例句真题例句英英释义词组搭配同义词辨析同义词反义词行业词典常

欧路词典|英汉-汉英词典 gas是什么意思_gas的中文解释和发音_gas的翻译_gas怎么读

欧路词典|英汉-汉英词典 gas是什么意思_gas的中文解释和发音_gas的翻译_gas怎么读

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n. 气体;汽油;毒气;瓦斯vt. 毒(死);加油vi. 放出气体;加油;空谈GASabbr. Ghana Academy of Sciences 加纳科学院

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近义词n. state of matter, state, fluid, fuel, hydrocarbon, physiological state, physiological conditionv. attack, assail, overstate, exaggerate, overdraw, hyperbolize, hyerbolise解析atmosphere 指围绕有的星球,特别是围绕地球的空气,即大气层。也可指环境气氛。air 指空气,也泛指一般气体。gas 指气态物,尤指供燃烧取暖或照明的气体,其中一部分称作瓦斯。联词propane;gasoline汽油;fuel得到燃;petroleum石油;oil油;petrol汽油;methane甲;hydrocarbon化合物;hydrogen;shale页岩;gaseous气态的,气体的;

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natural gas 天然气oil and gas 油和天然气;油和煤气flue gas 烟道气;废气gas chromatography [化]气相色谱分析gas field 天然气田gas reservoir 气藏;气田;煤气存储器;天然气储层gas flow 气流;气流量gas pipeline n. 天然气管线,煤气管线;气体管道waste gas 废气greenhouse gas n. 二氧化、甲等导致温室效应的气体gas station 加油站oil gas 石油气;油煤气gas well 气井;[采矿]天然气井gas turbine 燃气轮机;燃气涡轮tail gas 尾气;废气exhaust gas 废气gas pressure 气压;气体压力;煤气压力coal gas 煤气;煤炭气gas production 煤气生产;生成气体gas phase 气相,气态

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a gas field.气田。gas lines.石油管道The gas is out.瓦斯熄灭了。Gas was escaping.煤气漏出来a noncombustible gas 不燃气体electrical and gas appliances.电器和燃气器具。They are the worst in gas milage.直至他们提高车辆汽油消耗标准!a rich gas mixture.强烈的气体混合物oil and gas riggers.操纵石油和天然气的人A gas pipe was explosive.一个煤气管爆炸了。perfect-gas aerodynamics理气体空气动力学gas tanks; gas stoves.油箱;煤气炉Connect the gas stove with the gas pipe.将煤气炉和煤气管接起来。a natural gas bonanza for Britain.英国富足的天然气资源。the risk of radon gas emanation.氡气散发的危险。a qualified gas fitter.一位合格的煤气装配工。it was great gas in the club last night.昨晚在俱乐部过得太高兴了。a gas hookup for a mobile home.移动住房的煤气连接装置a gas water heater.煤气热水器。声明:以上例句、词性分类均由互联网资源自动生成,部分未经过人工审核,其表达内容亦不代表本软件的观点;若发现问题,欢迎向我们指正。显示所有包含 gas 的英语例句

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Gas | Definition, State of Matter, Properties, Structure, & Facts | Britannica

Gas | Definition, State of Matter, Properties, Structure, & Facts | Britannica

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gas

Table of Contents

IntroductionStructureKinetic-molecular pictureNumerical magnitudesIntermolecular separation and average speedMean-free path and collision rateMolecular sizesSummary of numerical magnitudesFree-molecule gasContinuity of gaseous and liquid statesBehaviour and propertiesEquilibrium propertiesIdeal gas equation of stateInternal energyTransport propertiesViscosityHeat conductionDiffusionThermal diffusionKinetic theory of gasesIdeal gasPressureEffusionThermal transpirationViscosityThermal conductivityDiffusion and thermal diffusionBoltzmann equationDeviations from the ideal modelEquation of stateTransport properties

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Also known as: gaseous state

Written by

Edward A. Mason

Professor of Chemistry and Engineering, 1967–92; Newport Rogers Professor of Chemistry, 1983–92, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. Coauthor of Transport Properties of Ions in Gases and...

Edward A. Mason

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heated air expands

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Key People:

Joseph Priestley

James Clerk Maxwell

Henry Cavendish

Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac

John Dalton

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Related Topics:

ideal gas

kinetic theory of gases

degenerate gas

gas laws

Joule-Thomson effect

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gas, one of the three fundamental states of matter, with distinctly different properties from the liquid and solid states. Structure The remarkable feature of gases is that they appear to have no structure at all. They have neither a definite size nor shape, whereas ordinary solids have both a definite size and a definite shape, and liquids have a definite size, or volume, even though they adapt their shape to that of the container in which they are placed. Gases will completely fill any closed container; their properties depend on the volume of a container but not on its shape. Kinetic-molecular picture Gases nevertheless do have a structure of sorts on a molecular scale. They consist of a vast number of molecules moving chaotically in all directions and colliding with one another and with the walls of their container. Beyond this, there is no structure—the molecules are distributed essentially randomly in space, traveling in arbitrary directions at speeds that are distributed randomly about an average determined by the gas temperature. The pressure exerted by a gas is the result of the innumerable impacts of the molecules on the container walls and appears steady to human senses because so many collisions occur each second on all sections of the walls. More subtle properties such as heat conductivity, viscosity (resistance to flow), and diffusion are attributed to the molecules themselves carrying the mechanical quantities of energy, momentum, and mass, respectively. These are called transport properties, and the rate of transport is dominated by the collisions between molecules, which force their trajectories into tortuous shapes. The molecular collisions are in turn controlled by the forces between the molecules and are described by the laws of mechanics. Thus, gases are treated as a large collection of tiny particles subject to the laws of physics. Their properties are attributed primarily to the motion of the molecules and can be explained by the kinetic theory of gases. It is not obvious that this should be the case, and for many years a static picture of gases was instead espoused, in which the pressure, for instance, was attributed to repulsive forces between essentially stationary particles pushing on the container walls. How the kinetic-molecular picture finally came to be universally accepted is a fascinating piece of scientific history and is discussed briefly below in the section Kinetic theory of gases. Any theory of gas behaviour based on this kinetic model must also be a statistical one because of the enormous numbers of particles involved. The kinetic theory of gases is now a classical part of statistical physics and is indeed a sort of miniature display case for many of the fundamental concepts and methods of science. Such important modern concepts as distribution functions, cross sections, microscopic reversibility, and time-reversal invariance have their historical roots in kinetic theory, as does the entire atomistic view of matter.

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Numerical magnitudes When considering various physical phenomena, it is helpful for one to have some idea of the numerical magnitudes involved. In particular, there are several characteristics whose values should be known, at least within an order of magnitude (a factor of 10), in order for one to obtain a clear idea of the nature of gaseous molecules. These features include the size, average speed, and intermolecular separation at ordinary temperatures and pressures. In addition, other important considerations are how many collisions a typical molecule makes in one second under these conditions and how far such a typical molecule travels before colliding with another molecule. It has been established that molecules have sizes on the order of a few angstrom units (1 Å = 10−8 centimetre [cm]) and that there are about 6 × 1023 molecules in one mole, which is defined as the amount of a substance whose mass in grams is equal to its molecular weight (e.g., 1 mole of water, H2O, is 18.0152 grams). With this knowledge, one could calculate at least some of the gas values. It is interesting to see how the answers could be estimated from simple observations and then to compare the results to the accepted values that are based on more precise measurements and theories. Intermolecular separation and average speed One of the easiest properties to work out is the average distance between molecules compared to their diameter; water will be used here for this purpose. Consider 1 gram of H2O at 100° C and atmospheric pressure, which are the normal boiling point conditions. The liquid occupies a volume of 1.04 cubic centimetres (cm3); once converted to steam it occupies a volume of 1.67 × 103 cm3. Thus, the average volume occupied by one molecule in the gas is larger than the corresponding volume occupied in the liquid by a factor of 1.67 × 103/1.04, or about 1,600. Since volume varies as the cube of distance, the ratio of the mean separation distance in the gas to that in the liquid is roughly equal to the cube root of 1,600, or about 12. If the molecules in the liquid are considered to be touching each other, the ratio of the intermolecular separation to the molecular diameter in ordinary gases is on the order of 10 under ordinary conditions. It should be noted that the actual separation and diameter cannot be determined in this way; only their ratio can be calculated.

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It is also relatively simple to estimate the average speed of gas molecules. Consider a sound wave in a gas, which is just the propagation of a small pressure disturbance. If pressure is attributed to molecular impacts on a test surface, then surely a pressure disturbance cannot travel faster than the molecules themselves. In other words, the average molecular speed in a gas should be somewhat greater than the speed of sound in the gas. The speed of sound in air at ordinary temperatures is about 330 metres per second (m/s), so the molecular speed will be estimated here to be somewhat greater, say, about 5 × 104 centimetres per second (cm/s). This value depends on the particular gas and the temperature, but it will be sufficient for the kind of estimates sought here. Mean-free path and collision rate The average molecular speed, along with an observed rate of the diffusion of gases, can be used to estimate the length and tortuosity of the path traveled by a typical molecule. If a bottle of ammonia is opened in a closed room, at least a few minutes pass before the ammonia can be detected at a distance of just one metre. (Ammonia, NH3, is a gas; the familiar bottle of “ammonia” typically seen is actually a solution of the gas in water.) Yet, if the ammonia molecules traveled directly to an observer at a speed somewhat faster than that of sound, the odour should be detectable in only a few milliseconds. The explanation for the discrepancy is that the ammonia molecules collide with many air molecules, and their paths are greatly distorted as a result. For a quantitative estimate of the diffusion time, a more controlled system must be considered, because even gentle stray air currents in a closed room greatly speed up the spreading of the ammonia. To eliminate the effect of such air currents, a closed tube—say, a glass tube one centimetre in diameter and one metre in length—can be used. A small amount of ammonia gas is released at one end, and both ends are then closed. In order to measure how long it takes for the ammonia to travel to the other end, a piece of moist red litmus paper might be used as a detector; it will turn blue when the ammonia reaches it. This process takes quite a long time—about several hours—because diffusion occurs at such a slow rate. In this case, the time will be taken to be approximately 3 hours, or roughly 104 seconds (s). During this time interval, a typical ammonia molecule actually travels a distance of (5 × 104 cm/s)(104 s) = 5 × 108 cm = 5,000 kilometres (km), roughly the distance across the United States. In other words, such a molecule travels a total distance of five million metres in order to progress a net distance of only one metre.

The solution to a basic statistical problem can be used to estimate the number of collisions such a typical diffusing molecule experienced (N) and the average distance traveled between collisions (l), called the mean free path. The product of N and l must equal the total distance traveled—i.e., Nl = 5 × 108 cm. This distance can be thought of as a chain 5,000 km long, made up of N links, each of length l. The statistical question then is as follows: If such a chain is randomly jumbled, how far apart will its ends be on the average? This end-to-end distance corresponds to the length of the diffusion tube (one metre). This is a venerable statistical problem that recurs in many applications. One of the more vivid ways of illustrating the concept is known as the “drunkard’s walk.” In this scenario a drunkard takes steps of length l but, because of inebriation, takes them in random directions. After N steps, how far will he be from his starting point? The answer is that his progress is proportional not to N but to N1/2. For example, if the drunkard takes four steps, each of length l, he will end up at a distance of 2l from his starting point. Gas molecules move in three dimensions, whereas the drunkard moves in two dimensions; however, the result is the same. Thus, the square root of N multiplied by the length of the mean free path equals the length of the diffusion tube: N1/2l = 102 cm. From the equations for Nl and N1/2l, it can readily be calculated that N = 2.5 × 1013 collisions and l = 2.0 × 10-5 cm. The mean time between collisions, τ, is found by dividing the time of the diffusion experiment by the number of collisions during that time: τ = (104)/(2.5 × 1013) = 4 × 10-10 seconds between collisions, corresponding to a collision frequency of 2.5 × 109 collisions per second. It is thus understandable that gases appear to be continuous fluids on ordinary scales of time and distance.

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gas是什么意思_gas怎么读_gas翻译_用法_发音_词组_同反义词_气体-新东方在线英语词典

gas是什么意思_gas怎么读_gas翻译_用法_发音_词组_同反义词_气体-新东方在线英语词典

英语词典 -

日语词典

首页 > 英语词典 > 字母单词表 > g开头的单词 > gas

gas

听听怎么读

英 [gæs]

美 [ɡæs]

是什么意思

n.气体;[矿业] 瓦斯;汽油;毒气vt.加油;毒(死);vi.加油;放出气体;空谈;int.该死!(令人气愤的人应即被送毒气室处死);

变形

复数:gases过去式:gassed过去分词:gassed现在分词:gassing第三人称单数:gasses

双语释义

n.(名词)[C][U]气体 anything that is like air[U]煤气 a gas with a strong smell, that is burnt to make heat[U]汽油petrol[U]毒气 poisonous gas[U]空谈,吹牛 unimportant talk[S]有趣的事 a funny or pleasant thingv.(动词)vt. 使…吸入毒气 cause sb to breathe poisonous gasvi. 空谈,吹牛 talk for a long time without saying much that is useful

英英释义

gas[ ɡæs ]n.the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity; relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature; the ability to diffuse readily; and the spontaneous tendency to become distributed uniformly throughout any container同义词:gaseous statea fluid in the gaseous state having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitelya volatile flammable mixture of hydrocarbons (hexane and heptane and octane etc.) derived from petroleum; used mainly as a fuel in internal-combustion engines同义词:gasolinegasolenepetrola state of excessive gas in the alimentary canal同义词:flatulenceflatulencya pedal that controls the throttle valve"he stepped on the gas"同义词:acceleratoraccelerator pedalgas pedalthrottleguna fossil fuel in the gaseous state; used for cooking and heating homes同义词:natural gasv.attack with gas; subject to gas fumes"The despot gassed the rebellious tribes"show off同义词:boasttoutswashshoot a linebragblowblustervauntgasconade

学习怎么用

词汇搭配

用作名词 (n.)动词+~burn〔develop〕 gas烧〔开发〕煤气discharge gas排出气体give off gas放出煤气light the gas点燃煤气灶put out〔shut off〕 the gas把煤气关掉smell gas闻到煤气味step on the gas踩油门,加速turn the gas down关小煤气turn off〔out〕 the gas关掉煤气turn on the gas开煤气turn up the gas把煤气开大形容词+~exhaust〔waste〕 gas废气harmful gas有害的气体internal gas体内废气liquefied gas液化气much gas大量气体natural gas天然气poisonous gas毒气名词+~coal gas煤气poison gas毒气power gas动力气体tear gas催泪性毒气~+名词gas bomb毒气弹gas burner煤气灶gas engine内燃机,气体发动机gas field天然气田gas fixture煤气灯装置gas ring环形轻便煤气炉gas station加油站gas works煤气厂介词+~be driven by gas由气体驱动convert...into gas把…变成气体a bubble of gas小气泡a stream of gas一股气体用作动词 (v.)~+名词gas oneself用煤气自杀~+介词gas about闲谈,瞎扯

词组短语

natural gas天然气oil and gas油和天然气;油和煤气flue gas烟道气;废气gas chromatography[化]气相色谱分析gas field天然气田gas reservoir气藏;气田;煤气存储器;天然气储层gas flow气流;气流量gas pipeline n. 天然气管线,煤气管线;气体管道 waste gas废气greenhouse gas n. 二氧化碳、甲烷等导致温室效应的气体 gas station加油站oil gas石油气;油煤气gas well气井;[采矿]天然气井gas turbine燃气轮机;燃气涡轮tail gas尾气;废气exhaust gas废气gas pressure气压;气体压力;煤气压力coal gas煤气;煤炭气gas production煤气生产;生成气体gas phase气相,气态 更多收起词组短语

同近义词辨析

gas, atmosphere, air这些名词均与空气有关。gas指气态物,尤指供燃烧取暖或照明的气体,其中一部分称作瓦斯。atmosphere指围绕有的星球,特别是围绕地球的空气,即大气层。也可指环境气氛。air指空气,也泛指一般气体。

双语例句

用作名词(n.)Gas is now widely used for cooking and heating.现在普遍用煤气烧饭和取暖。She lit the gas and gave the coffee another warm.她点燃煤气,把咖啡重新热了一下。Hydrogen and oxygen are gases.氢和氧是气体。Air is a mixture of gases.空气是气体的混合物。I'll refill my cigarette lighter with gas.我将给打火机再灌满汽油。He ran out of gas a mile from home.他在离家还有一英里的地方把汽油用完了。His long speech was nothing but gas and hot air.他的长篇大论只是吹牛和空话。用作及物动词(vt.)He was badly gassed in the war.他在战争中深受毒气伤害。She couldn't face the future, and gassed herself.她对未来感到绝望,用煤气自杀了。You'd better gas up the car.你最好给车加油。用作不及物动词(vi.)The girls were still gassing when I left.我走的时候,那些女孩子们还在胡扯。

权威例句

Molecular gas dynamics and the direct simulation of gas flows /Selective gas adsorption and separation in metal-organic frameworks.Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Gas of Sodium AtomsBose-Einstein condensation in a gas of sodium atomsGround State of the Electron Gas by a Stochastic MethodAccurate and simple analytic representation of the electron-gas correlation energy.Quantum phase transition from a superfluid to a Mott insulator in a gas of ultracold atoms.Density-functional approximation for the correlation energy of the inhomogeneous electron gas.Erratum: Density-functional approximation for the correlation energy of the inhomogeneous electron gasEvaluated Kinetic, Photochemical and Heterogeneous Data for Atmospheric Chemistry: Supplement V.   IUPAC Subcommittee on Gas Kineti...

同义词to fill the tank

prittle-prattle

petrol

palaver

oil

gasoline

gasolene

gab

benzine 反义词solid

liquid 同根词gasify

gaseous

gas g开头的单词gymnastic apparatus

gypsy moth

gym instructor

guy rope

gym teacher

guy fawkes

gussy up

gusty wind

gunny cloth (bag)

gut feeling

gunny bag

gun room 词汇所属分类Sherlock Holmes 神探夏洛克 第一季

少年派的奇幻漂流 Life of Pi

《阿甘正传》

这个男人来自地球 The Man From Earth

《查莉成长日记》第一季全集

终结者2(Terminator 2: Judgment Day) 字母词汇表更多j开头的单词jynx

jv

juxtaposition

juxtaposing

juxtaposes

juxtaposed

k开头的单词kz

Kyushu University

kyushu

kythe

kyte

kyrie

n开头的单词NZ

nyx

nyu

nyt

nystatin

nystagmus 分类词汇表更多托福考试zone

zigzag

zenith

zealous

zeal

yolk

背单词zoology

zip

zigzag

zest

zebra

zealous

托福词汇书zooxanthella

zoophilous

zoom

zoom

zoology

zoology 人名姓氏表更多男zack

zachary

Zachariah

young

York

Yates

女Zola

Zoe

Zenobia

Zenia

Zena

Zandra

男/女Yong

wynn

winter

willie

Whitney

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gas是什么意思_gas在线翻译_英语_读音_用法_例句_海词词典

gas是什么意思_gas在线翻译_英语_读音_用法_例句_海词词典

gas

基本词汇

 

[ɡæs]

 

 

[ɡæs]

 

 

n.

煤气;气体;汽油;空话

vt.

使吸入毒气;毒(死);给 ... 加汽油

vi.

空谈;加汽油

名词复数:

gases

过去式:

gassed

过去分词:

gassed

现在分词:

gassing

第三人称单数:

gases/gasses

new

gas的英文翻译是什么意思,词典释义与在线翻译:

详尽释义

n. (名词)

气,气体

可燃气体(如煤气、沼气等)

<美俚>吹牛

【矿】瓦斯

<美口>汽油

<美俚>很快乐的事,有趣的人

<俚>空谈

麻醉气

【军】毒气

<美>胃气,肠气

adj. (形容词)

气体的

使用煤气的

用汽油开动的

v. (动词)

<俚>吹牛,空谈

用气体处理

放出气体,发散气体

<美口>加(汽)油

用毒气攻击或杀伤(人)

闲聊,瞎扯,胡扯,胡说八道

给…供应气体

供给…煤气(或沼气等),给…充煤气(或沼气等)

【纺】用煤气烧去

使…吸入毒气

向(某处)施放毒气

使激动

使毛骨悚然

使高兴,逗…乐

过得非常愉快

过量饮酒

喝醉

双解释义

n. (名词)

[C][U]气体 anything that is like air

[U]煤气 a gas with a strong smell, that is burnt to make heat

[U]汽油 petrol

[U]毒气 poisonous gas

[U]空谈,吹牛 unimportant talk

[S]有趣的事 a funny or pleasant thing

v. (动词)

vt. 使…吸入毒气 cause sb to breathe poisonous gas

vi. 空谈,吹牛 talk for a long time without saying much that is useful

英英释义

Noun:

the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity; relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature; the ability to diffuse readily; and the spontaneous tendency to become distributed uniformly throughout any container

a fluid in the gaseous state having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely

a volatile flammable mixture of hydrocarbons (hexane and heptane and octane etc.) derived from petroleum; used mainly as a fuel in internal-combustion engines

a state of excessive gas in the alimentary canal

a pedal that controls the throttle valve;

"he stepped on the gas"

a fossil fuel in the gaseous state; used for cooking and heating homes

Verb:

attack with gas; subject to gas fumes;

"The despot gassed the rebellious tribes"

show off

gas的用法和样例:

例句

用作名词 (n.)

Gas is now widely used for cooking and heating.现在普遍用煤气烧饭和取暖。

She lit the gas and gave the coffee another warm.她点燃煤气,把咖啡重新热了一下。

Hydrogen and oxygen are gases.氢和氧是气体。

Air is a mixture of gases.空气是气体的混合物。

I'll refill my cigarette lighter with gas.我将给打火机再灌满汽油。

He ran out of gas a mile from home.他在离家还有一英里的地方把汽油用完了。

His long speech was nothing but gas and hot air.他的长篇大论只是吹牛和空话。

用作及物动词 (vt.)

He was badly gassed in the war.他在战争中深受毒气伤害。

She couldn't face the future, and gassed herself.她对未来感到绝望,用煤气自杀了。

You'd better gas up the car.你最好给车加油。

用作不及物动词 (vi.)

The girls were still gassing when I left.我走的时候,那些女孩子们还在胡扯。

常用短语

用作动词 (v.)

gas up (v.+adv.)

〈美口〉给车辆加油supply a vehicle with a full load of petrol

gas up

Stop here and gas up before crossing the desert.

通过沙漠前要在这儿加油。

词汇搭配

用作名词 (n.)

动词+~

burn〔develop〕 gas

烧〔开发〕煤气

discharge gas

排出气体

give off gas

放出煤气

light the gas

点燃煤气灶

put out〔shut off〕 the gas

把煤气关掉

smell gas

闻到煤气味

step on the gas

踩油门,加速

turn the gas down

关小煤气

turn off〔out〕 the gas

关掉煤气

turn on the gas

开煤气

turn up the gas

把煤气开大

形容词+~

exhaust〔waste〕 gas

废气

harmful gas

有害的气体

internal gas

体内废气

liquefied gas

液化气

much gas

大量气体

natural gas

天然气

poisonous gas

毒气

名词+~

coal gas

煤气

poison gas

毒气

power gas

动力气体

tear gas

催泪性毒气

~+名词

gas bomb

毒气弹

gas burner

煤气灶

gas engine

内燃机,气体发动机

gas field

天然气田

gas fixture

煤气灯装置

gas ring

环形轻便煤气炉

gas station

加油站

gas works

煤气厂

介词+~

be driven by gas

由气体驱动

convert...into gas

把…变成气体

a bubble of gas

小气泡

a stream of gas

一股气体

用作动词 (v.)

~+名词

gas oneself

用煤气自杀

~+介词

gas about

闲谈,瞎扯

经典引文

Baby better. It was only gas.

出自: P. Barry

All those others gassing on about volume and the picture plane.

出自: M. Gordon

Sometimes he couldn't tell when Mary was serious and when she was just gassing.

出自: S. King

gas的相关资料:

近反义词

【近义词】

vapor

蒸汽

fume

gasoline

<美>汽油

air

空气

petroleum

石油

smoke

petrol

<英>汽油

steam

蒸汽

pretense

借口

vapour

蒸气

blast

爆炸

thrill

激动

trip

旅行

experience

经验

chitchat

闲谈

chatter

饶舌

gab

饶舌

prattle

小孩般说话

blather

胡说

footle

胡闹

gun

blow

打击

accelerator pedal

加速踏板

bluster

咆哮

tout

兜售

gas pedal

加速踏板

gasconade

吹牛

flatulence

肠胃气胀

boast

自夸

gaseous state

气态

brag

吹牛

swash

飞溅

accelerator

加速装置

shoot a line

吹牛

gasolene

汽油

vaunt

吹嘘

flatulency

肠胃气胀

throttle

节流阀

natural gas

天然气

atmosphere

大气

【反义词】

solid

固体的

liquid

液体的

临近单词

gaseous

Gary

Gase

GASL

Gasa

Gass

gast

Gasz

Gasq

Gask

gaso

Gasta

目录

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基于动态因子和混频数据的天然气需求概率预测模型设计与应用

基于动态因子和混频数据的天然气需求概率预测模型设计与应用

交流科研成果

繁荣学术研究

创新理论知识

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统计研究 ›› 2023, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (11): 123-135.doi: 10.19343/j.cnki.11–1302/c.2023.11.010

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基于动态因子和混频数据的天然气需求概率预测模型设计与应用

丁黎黎 赵忠超 王 垒

  

出版日期:2023-11-25

发布日期:2023-11-25

Design and Application of Natural Gas Demand Probability Prediction Model Using Dynamic Factors and Mixed-frequency Data

Ding Lili Zhao Zhongchao Wang Lei

  

Online:2023-11-25

Published:2023-11-25

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1. 基于动态因子和混频数据的天然气需求概率预测模型设计与应用(附件).pdf(678KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要: 随着天然气消费需求的快速增长,需求波动也显著加剧,导致部分地区天然气供需出现季节性和阶段性的失衡。本文基于混频采样框架、分位数回归模型和核密度估计的天然气需求混频概率预测模型,构建了包括天气状况、能源市场、资本市场和投资关注4个方面的综合性混频动态因子系统,以期更精确地预测我国的天然气需求。研究发现,天气状况、能源市场和投资关注对天然气需求的预测能力优于资本市场。在天气状况方面,每日温度是月度天然气需求的最佳指标;在能源市场方面,月度天然气需求呈现出显著的自相关特征,持续时间为3~5个月,石油现货价格和煤炭现货价格的影响持续天数较短,分别为11天和10天;在预测表现方面,样本外的月度天然气需求实际值大部分出现在概率密度曲线的最高点附近。本文所提出的模型不仅能够直接使用混频动态因子的前瞻性信息,还能够获得平滑的天然气需求概率密度曲线,预测精确度相较现有模型提升14.13%~29.15%。研究结论为保障我国天然气市场安全,完善“双碳”政策设计提供有益的决策参考。

关键词:

天然气需求,

概率预测,

混频数据,

动态因子,

分位数模型

Abstract: With the rapid growth of natural gas consumption demand, demand volatility has also been significantly intensified, resulting in seasonal and cyclical imbalances in natural gas supply and demand in some regions. In this study, a mixed-probability prediction model for natural gas demand is presented based on the mixed-frequency data sampling, quantile regression model, and kernel density estimation. The comprehensive dynamic factors system is also constructed covering weather conditions, energy market, capital market, and investment interest to predict the natural gas demand in China more accurately. The empirical results demonstrate that the predictive power of weather conditions, energy markets, and investment interest performs better than capital market. For the weather conditions, the daily temperature is the best indicator of monthly natural gas demand. For the energy market, the monthly natural gas demand in China has a significant auto-correlation, lasting 3 to 5 months, while the influence of oil and coal process last for fewer days, i.e. 11 days and 10 days respectively. In terms of forecast performance, most of the actual data on out-of-sample monthly natural gas demand appears near the highest point of the probability density curve. The model proposed in this paper can not only directly use the forward-looking information of the mixed-frequency dynamic factors, but also obtain a smooth natural gas demand probability density curve, which is 14.13%~29.15% higher than the prediction accuracy of the existing model. The research conclusions provide a useful reference for maintaining the natural gas market security in China and improving the “dual carbon” policy design.

Key words:

Natural Gas Demand,

Probability Forecast,

Mixed-Frequency Data,

Dynamic Factors,

Quantile Model

引用本文

丁黎黎等. 基于动态因子和混频数据的天然气需求概率预测模型设计与应用[J]. 统计研究, 2023, 40(11): 123-135.

Ding Lili et al. Design and Application of Natural Gas Demand Probability Prediction Model Using Dynamic Factors and Mixed-frequency Data[J]. Statistical Research, 2023, 40(11): 123-135.

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链接本文:

https://tjyj.stats.gov.cn/CN/10.19343/j.cnki.11–1302/c.2023.11.010

              

https://tjyj.stats.gov.cn/CN/Y2023/V40/I11/123

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